Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 21, No. 2 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 285 2014 NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST 21(2):285–302 Vascular flora of Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, New York Richard Stalter1,* and Eric E. Lamont2 Abstract - The objective of this study was to collect and document the vascular plant species at the 2236-ha Brookhaven National Laboratory. We made collecting trips at 2-week intervals from April 2007 to October 2009 during which we identified 320 species in 226 genera in 98 families. The Asteraceae (45 species) and Cyperaceae (24 species) were the most commonly collected families. The most diverse genera were Carex spp. (sedges) and Quercus (oaks) with 11 and 9 species, respectively. One hundred eight species, 34% of the flora, were non-native taxa. We observed 2 rare taxa at the study site: Lespedeza angustifolia (Narrowleaf Lespedeza) and Rhynchospora scirpoides (Longbeak Beaksedge). Introduction Our objective was to collect and identify the vascular plant species at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) and analyze the site’s plant diversity. No flora of BNL has been previously published, and few botanists have surveyed the site. The property may never be developed, and therefore, the site provides opportunities for future floristic work because of its protected status. Brookhaven National Laboratory is situated in east-central Long Island, NY at 40.9°N, 72.9°W. The site is dominated by a Pinus rigida (Pitch Pine)-Quercus spp. (oak) forest that typically occurs on well-drained, sandy soils of glacial outwash-plains or moraines in central Long Island (Conard 1935, Edinger et al. 2002, Whittaker and Woodwell 1968). The open canopy supports a shrub layer composed of ericaceous shrubs, notably Vaccinium spp. (blueberries) and Gaylussacia baccata (Black Huckleberry). Extending north from the Long Island Expressway Service Road (exit 68) and bordering the William Floyd Parkway on the west, BNL is composed of approximately 2236 ha of terrestrial habitat interspersed with several small ephemeral freshwater ponds, marshes, and swamps. The BNL property also includes the headwaters of the Peconic River. This study is the first complete inventory of the vascular flora at a site in central eastern Long Island. The last comprehensive survey of plant associations of central Long Island was published by Conard (1935). Some investigators have hypothesized that the current Pitch Pine-oak forest of central Long Island, including BNL, has undergone significant changes in structure and composition since European settlement (Black 1996, Black and Pavacic 1997, Kurczewski and Boyle 2000). For example, Kurczewski and Boyle (2000) concluded that pine barrens in central Suffolk County expanded during the past 300 years in response to human disturbance. Some early accounts of the forests 1Department of Biological Sciences, St. John’s University, Queens, NY 11439. 2The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY 10468. *Corresponding author - Stalterr@stjohns.edu. Manuscript Editor: Douglas Deberry Northeastern Naturalist 286 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 Vol. 21, No. 2 near Coram, approximately 10 km from BNL, described them as being dominated by abundant Quercus alba (White Oak), Q. velutina (Black Oak), Q. rubra (Red Oak), Juglans nigra (Black Walnut), and Castanea dentata (American Chestnut) (Kurczewski and Boyle 2000); these forests are dominated by Pitch Pine and oaks. By 1750, the original forests of north-central Suffolk County were mostly cut down to provide building materials and fuel for heating and cooking in New York City (Dwight 1822). The Town of Brookhaven alone exported approximately 100,000 cords of wood to New York City in 1812 (Kurczewski and Boyle 2000). Deciduous hardwoods (including oaks and Carya spp. [hickory]) were preferred over softwood species because they are denser and burn more evenly. Pitch Pine was generally avoided as a fuel because it produced large amounts of soot that adhered to the inside of chimneys, thus increasing the risk of fire (Whitney 1994). According to Kurczewski and Boyle (2000), the preferential removal of deciduous hardwoods during the 18th and early 19th centuries promoted the expansion of Pitch Pine into central Suffolk County forests. Other investigators (Conard 1935, Cryan 1980, Englebright 1980, Harper 1908, Svenson 1936, Welch 1996) have challenged the conclusions of Kurczewski and Boyle (2000) and others, and have described Long Island’s central pine barrens as an ancient indigenous ecosystem resulting from natural disturbance on nutrient poor, xeric soils. There are no 17th- or early 18th- century maps or other accounts that describe the vegetation of central Suffolk County, and therefore the origin of the Pitch Pine-oak forest in central Long Island cannot be determined with certainty. Fire frequency and intensity may have increased throughout the forests of central Long Island after European settlement (Kurczewski and Boyle 2000). European colonists girdled trees and burned them to clear the land for cultivation and grazing (Gabriel 1921). Some of the largest recorded fires in the region occurred in 1844 (Prime 1845), 1853 and 1858 (Tredwell 1912), 1862 (Bayles 1873), and 1918 (Whittaker and Woodwell 1969). More-frequent fires expose mineral soils necessary for Pitch Pine regeneration. Anthropogenic fires combined with selective harvesting may have favored Pitch Pine to the detriment of mesophytic hardwoods, thus changing the structure and composition of pre-settlement forests. In 1917, a portion of the site was developed to house Camp Upton, a major training center for World War I soldiers. In the 1930s, Camp Upton later was utilized by the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC), which planted Pinus strobus (White Pine ) and Pinus resinosa (Red Pine) on approximately 162 ha; these stands persist today. In 1947, Brookhaven National Laboratory was developed as a research facility. Probably because of the poor soil quality, the land where the laboratory is situated was never used for farming. At the request of the federal government, Lawler, Matusky, and Skelly Engineers (1995) provided an assessment report on the vascular plant species at BNL. This unvouchered and unpublished report included a list of 145 taxa including 9 ferns, Equisetum arvense (Field Horsetail), and Lycopodium obscurum (Flat-branched Tree-clubmoss), but no gymnosperms. Lawler, Matusky, and Skelly Engineer’s Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 21, No. 2 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 287 (1995) list also included Plantathera cristata (= Habenaria cristata) (Crested Yellow Orchid), which is listed as endangered in New York (Young 2010), though it was not confirmed present. Plant Communities Based on descriptions by Edinger et al. (2002), we documented 8 plant communities at occur at BNL, including: 1) Pitch Pine-oak forest dominated by Pitch Pine, White Oak, Quercus coccinea (Scarlet Oak), and Black Oak, with a shrub layer including Black Huckleberry, Vaccinium angustifolium (Lowbush Blueberry), V. pallidum (Hillside Blueberry), and Quercus ilicifolia (Bear Oak), and a herbaceous layer that is relatively sparse; 2) successional old-field dominated by herbs and grasses including Aster spp. (asters), Daucus carota (Queen Anne’s Lace), Euthamia spp. (goldenrods), Hieracium spp. (hawkweeds), Oenothera biennis (Common Evening Primrose), Panicum spp. (panic grasses), Phleum pretense (Timothy), Poa spp. (bluegrasses), Potentilla simplex (Common Cinquefoil), Schizachyrium scoparium (Little Bluestem), Solidago spp. (goldenrods), and others; 3) ponds dominated by Brasenia schreberi (Watershield), Eleocharis spp. (spikerushes), Nymphaea odorata (American White Waterlily), and Utricularia macrorhiza (Common Bladderwort); 4) marshes and swamps (high plant diversity, especially grasses, sedges, rushes, herbs, and woody species; see Edinger et al. 2002 for characteristic species); 5) streams, specifically the headwaters of Peconic River; 6) Red Pine and White Pine plantations; 7) ruderal (disturbed sites) such as lawns, roadsides, and developed areas including the sewage treatment plant, retention basins, and additional lightly cleared areas; and, 8) Gamma Forest, the most unique community in that it was the site of Woodwell’s Ce-137-irradiated Pine Oak woodland (Woodwell and Rebuck 1967) and the subject of a 40-year comparative succession study by Stalter and Kincaid (2009). Climate The climate at BNL is humid continental (Garwood 1996). Detailed climate data, provided by an on-site National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration weather station, indicated that July is the warmest month, averaging 22 °C and January, the coldest month, averages -1.5 °C. The average length of the growing season is 185 days. Generally, the last frost occurs around 22 April, and the first frost occurs around 15 October. Mean annual rainfall is 959 mm. Methods We made collecting trips approximately twice a month beginning in April 2007 and continuing through October 2009. Our objectives for each trip were to collect voucher specimens and accumulate information on habitat preference and frequency of occurrence for each species relative to the study site. We assigned taxa to one of the following categories to describe frequency: rare (fewer than 5 colonies), infrequent (uncommon, occasional, 5 to 10 colonies), or frequent (common, more Northeastern Naturalist 288 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 Vol. 21, No. 2 than 10 colonies). Classification of the vascular plant species follows Gleason and Cronquist (1991) because most botanists are familiar with their nomenclature. We also used Gleason and Cronquist (1991) to determine species’ nativity (Table 1). We deposited voucher specimens at the A.C. Moore Herbarium, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC. Duplicate fern collections were also deposited in James Montgomery’s personal herbarium (Berwick, PA). We conducted systematic surveys from vehicle and on foot in all habitats. Results and Discussion The vascular flora at Brookhaven National Laboratory is composed of 320 species in 226 genera in 98 families (Table 1, Appendix 1). One hundred eight species, 34% of the flora, are not native to the region, which is slightly lower than the rate of 35% reported for the state (Mitchell and Tucker 1997). The Asteraceae, the Cyperaceae, and the Poaceae with 45, 24 and 20 species, respectively, had the greatest representation in the flora. The most diverse genera were Carex and Quercus, with 11 and 9 species, respectively. Plant families with the greatest number of non-native taxa were the Asteraceae and Fabaceae with 20 and 12 species, respectively. Additionally, all of the Caryophyllaceae (7 spp.) and all but one species of Brassicaceae (7 of 8 spp.) were composed of non-native taxa. Non-native dicots (92 spp.) were more abundant than non-native monocots (12 spp.), and composed 40% of the dicot flora. Two thirds of the gymnosperms were cultivated and not native to the study site. Eight non-native, invasive taxa (Gleason and Cronquist 1991) occur at BNL and pose potential threats to the native flora: Alliaria petiolata (Garlic Mustard), Berberis vulgaris (Common Barberry), Celastrus orbiculatus (Oriental Bittersweet), Elaeagnus angustifolia (Russian Olive), Eragrostis curvula (Weeping Lovegrass), Phragmites australis (Common Reed), Polygonum cuspidatum (Japanese Knotweed), and Rosa multiflora (Multiflora Rose). Management plans have been implemented to control some of these species at BNL (T. Greene, BNL, pers. comm.). Four rare taxa have been located by us and others at BNL. We located Rhynchospora scirpoides (Longbeak Beaksedge, S3, state rare; Young 2010) along drawn down pond margins, and Lespedeza angustifolia (Narrowleaf Lespedeza, S2, state threatened; Young 2010) in successional old fields. There are historic records for Platanthera cristata (Crested Yellow Orchid) and Gaylussacia dumosa var. bigeloviana (Dwarf Hucklebery) but we did not observe them (T. Greene, pers. comm.). Table 1. A summary of the vascular plant species at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Spore plants Gymnosperms Dicots Monocots Total Families 8 2 73 15 98 Genera 11 4 166 45 226 Species 13 6 231 70 320 Native species 13 2 139 58 212 Non-native species 0 4 92 12 108 Percent non-native 0 67% 40% 17% 34% Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 21, No. 2 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 289 Acknowledgments The authors are indebted to Timothy Green, Brookhaven National Laboratory, for sharing locations of Cypripedium acaule and Castanea dentata, and informing us that Gaylussacia dumosa var. bigeloviana was reported at BNL in 1918. He also provided historical land-use information from the 1800s and 1900s, and a boat so that we could sample aquatic vegetation. We also thank Andrew Senesac, Cornell University Extension Service, for providing colonial land-use history of Long Island and BNL. For identification of difficult taxa, thanks are extended to James Montgomery (ferns), Gordon Tucker (Cyperaceae), and John Nelson (Poaceae). Thanks to Dwight Kincaid for carefully reviewing an earlier draft of the paper and providing thoughtful comments and suggestions. Thanks to St. John’s University undergraduate research students Sarish Shehzadi and Alberto Ramirez for assistance with processing voucher collections. Thanks to Louis Bryani for IT assistance. Finally, we acknowledge the support of St. John’s University for providing funding for travel and herbarium supplies. Literature Cited Bayles, T.R. 1873. Historical and descriptive sketches of Suffolk County. Port Washington, NY. Black, J.A. 1996. Origin of the Long Island pine barrens: An alternative view. Long Island Botanical Society Newsletter 6:23–25. Black, J.A. and J.W. Pavacic. 1997. The Long Island pine barrens: An anthropogenic artifact or natural ecosystem. Proceedings—Fire Effects on Rare and Endangered Species and Habitats Conference. 13–16 November 1995. Couer d’Alene, ID. Conard, H.W. 1935. The plant associations of central Long Island. American Midland Naturalist 16:433–516. Cryan, J.F. 1980. An introduction to the Long Island pine barrens. The Heath Hen 1:3–13. Dwight, T. 1822. Journey to Long Island. Pp. 283–335, In Travels in New England and New York, Part 3. New Haven, CT. Edinger, G.J., D.J. Evans, S. Gebauer, T.G. Howard, D.M. Hunt, and A.M. Olivaro (Eds.). 2002. Ecological Communities of New York. 2nd Edition. New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservervation, Albany, NY. Englebright, S. 1980. Long Island’s secret wilderness. The Conservationist 34:23–29. Gabriel, R.T. 1921. The Evolution of Long Island: A Story of Land and Sea. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. Garwood, A.N. 1996. Weather America. Toucan Valley Publications, Inc., Milpitas, CA. Pp. 217–223. Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1991. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and adjacent Canada. 2nd Edition. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, NY. 910 pp. Harper, R.M. 1908. The pine-barrens of Babylon and Islip, Long Island. Torreya 8:1–9. Kurczewski, F.E. and H.F. Boyle. 2000. Historical changes in the pine barrens of central Suffolk County, New York. Northeastern Naturalist 7:95-112. Lawler, Matusky, and Skelly Engineers. 1995. Brookhaven National Laboratory Contract No. 565365. Document NO.: 5101-001-FR-BBZG. Phase II Sitewide Biological Inventory Report. Lawler, Matusky, and Skelly Engineers, Environmental Science and Engineering Consultants, Pearl River, NY. Mitchell, R.S. and G.C. Tucker. 1997. Revised checklist of New York State plants. New York State Museum Bulletin 490:1–400. Northeastern Naturalist 290 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 Vol. 21, No. 2 Prime, N.S. 1845. A history of Long Island, from its first settlement by Europeans, to the year 1845. Robert Carter, New York, NY. 420 pp.. Stalter, R., and D. Kincaid. 2009. Community development following gamma radiation at a Pine-Oak Forest, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Long Island, New York. American Journal of Botany 96:2206–2213. Svenson, H.K. 1936. The early vegetation of Long Island. Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record 25:207–227. Tredwell, D.M. 1912. Personal Reminiscences of Men and Things on Long Island. Part One. Charles Andrew Ditmas, Brooklyn, NY. Welch, R. 1996. Ancient flame: Fire, history, and the Long Island pine barrens. Long Island Botanical Society Newsletter 6:25–28. Whitney, G.G. 1994. From Coastal Wilderness to Fruited Plain: A History of Environmental Change in Temperate North America 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press, UK. Whittaker, R.H., and G.M.Woodwell. 1968. Dimension and production relations of trees and shrubs in the Brookhaven Forest, New York. Journal of Ecology 56:1–25. Whittaker, R.H., and G.M. Woodwell. 1969. Structure, production, and diversity of the oakpine forest at Brookhaven, New York. Journal of Ecology 57:155–174. Woodwell, G., and A. Rebuck. 1967. Effects of chronic gamma radiation on the structure and diversity of an oak-pine forest. Ecological Monographs 37:5–69. Young, S.M. 2010. New York rare plant status lists. New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY. Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 21, No. 2 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 291 Appendix 1. Annotated checklist of species. The vascular plant taxa are arranged according to the following categories: vascular cryptogams, gymnosperms, dicots, and monocots. Within each category, families and lower taxa are arranged alphabetically. Nomenclature and families follow Gleason and Cronquist (1991). Each entry includes the following information sequence: scientific name; pertinent synonym, enclosed in brackets; habitat; frequency relative to the study site, using the categories: rare (scarce, fewer than 5 colonies), infreq. (uncommon, occasional, 5 to 20 colonies), freq. (common, more than 20 colonies). Non-native taxa are preceded by an asterisk (*). EQUISETOPHYTA Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. Roadsides; freq. Equisetum fluviatile L. Roadsides; rare. LYCOPODIOPHYTA Lycopodiaceae Lycopodium obscurum L. Roadside; ditches; rare. POLYPODIOPHYTA Aspleniaceae Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray. Woods; infreq. Thelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Nieuwl. [= Parathelypteris noveboracensis (L.) Ching]. Woodlands, margins of swamps; freq. Blechnaceae Woodwardia virginica (L.) Smith. Moist woods; rare. Dennstaediaceae Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.)T. Moore. Woods; freq. Dryopteris marginalis (L.) Gray. Woods; infreq. Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn. Dry woods; freq. Onocleaceae Onoclea sensibilis L. Moist woods; freq. Ophioglossaceae Botrychium dissectum Spreng. Border of field and woodland; rare. Osmundaceae Osmunda regalis L. var. spectabilis (Willd.) A. Gray. Moist woodlands; infreq. Osmunda cinnamomea L. [= Osmundastrum cinnamomeum (L.) C. Presl.]. Marshes, swamps, damp woodlands; infreq. PINOPHYTA Cupressaceae Juniperus virginiana L. var. virginiana. Fields, woodland openings; freq. Northeastern Naturalist 292 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 Vol. 21, No. 2 Pinaceae *Larix decidua P. Mill. Old fields; rare. *Pinus resinosa Ait. Planted plantation; freq. Pinus rigida P. Mill. Woodlands; infreq. *Pinus strobus L. Planted plantation; freq. *Tsuga canadensis (L.) Corr. Planted; infreq. MAGNOLIOPHYTA-MAGNOLIOPSIDA Aceraceae *Acer platanoides L. Woodlands; locally abundant. Acer rubrum L. Moist woods and fields; freq. Acer saccharinum L. Woods; infreq. Amaranthaceae *Amaranthus hybridus L. Disturbed sites; freq. Anacardiaceae Rhus copallinum L. Fields, thickets; freq. Rhus glabra L. Fields, thickets; infreq. Toxicodendron radicans (L.) Kuntze ssp. radicans [= Rhus radicans L.]. Fields, woodlands, wetland borders; freq. Apiaceae *Daucus carota L. Fields, roadsides, disturbed sites; freq. Apocynaceae Apocynum androsaemifolium L. Fields; infreq. Apocynum cannabinum L. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. Aquifoliaceae Ilex verticillata (L.) A. Gray. Wetland margins; rare. Araliaceae Aralia nudicaulis L. Woodlands; freq. *Hedera helix L. Fields; rare. Asclepiadaceae Asclepias incarnata L. var. pulchra (Ehrh. ex Willd.) Pers. Marshes; infreq. Asclepias syriaca L. Fields, roadsides; freq. Asclepias tuberosa L. Fields and disturbed sites; infreq. Asteraceae Achillea millefolium L. ssp. lanulosa (Nutt.) Piper [= A.m. var. occidentalis DC. sensu Mitchell & Tucker 1997]. Fields, roadsides, open areas; freq. All individuals observed in the field represent our native ssp. lanulosa; we did not find any Old World ssp. millefolium. Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. Fields, roadsides, disturbed sites; freq. Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) Benth. & Hook. f. Fields; rare. Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 21, No. 2 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 293 *Arctium minus Bernh. Disturbed sites, fields; infreq. *Artemisia vulgaris L. Fields and disturbed soil; freq. Aster pilosus Willd. [= Symphyotrichum pilosum (Willd.) G.L. Nesom]. Fields; freq. Aster umbellatus Mill. [= Doellingeria umbellata (P. Mill.) Nees]. Fields; infreq. Aster undulatus L. [= Symphyotrichum undulatum (L.) G.L. Nesom]. Fields; rare. Bidens bipinnata L. Fields; freq. Bidens frondosa L. Pond shores, wetland edges; infreq. *Centaurea maculosa Lam. Fields; abundant. *Chrysanthemum leucanthemum L. [= Leucanthemum vulgare Lam.]. Fields; freq. Chrysopsis mariana (L.) Ell. Fields; freq. *Cichorium intybus L. Roadsides, fields, disturbed sites; freq. *Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. Fields, roadsides; freq. Cirsium horridulum Michx. Fields; rare. *Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. Fields, roadsides, disturbed sites; freq. Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq. var. canadensis [= Erigeron canadensis L. var. canadensis]. Fields, roadsides, disturbed sites; freq. Erechtites hieraciifolius (L.) Raf. ex DC. var. hieraciifolius. Fields; freq. Erigeron philadelphicus L. Fields; rare. Eupatorium dubium Willd. Fields, woodlands; freq. Eupatorium hyssopifolium L. [= E.h. var. calcaratum Fern. & Schub.]. Fields, roadsides; freq. Eupatorium perfoliatum L. Marshes, pond margins; infreq. Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt. [= Solidago graminifolia (L.) Salisb.]. Fields, roadsides, wetland edges; freq. Euthamia tenuifolia (Pursh.) Nutt. Fields; freq. *Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pavon. Disturbed sites; infreq. *Hieracium caespitosum Dumort. [= Pilosella caespitosa (Dumort.) P.D. Sell & C. West]. Fields, roadsides; freq. *Hypochaeris radicata L. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. Krigia virginica (L.) Willd. Fields, open woodlands; infreq. *Lactuca serriola L. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. *Matricaria discoidea DC. [= M. matricarioides, auct. non (Less.) Porter; M. suaveolens (Pursh) Buch.]. Roadsides, disturbed sites; freq. *Rudbeckia hirta L. var. pulcherrima Farw. Fields, roadsides; freq. *Senecio vulgaris L. Disturbed sites; freq. Solidago altissima L. ssp. altissima [= S. canadensis L. var. scabra Torr. & A. Gray]. Fields, roadsides; infreq. Solidago canadensis L. var. canadensis. Fields; freq. Solidago juncea Ait. Fields, roadsides; rare. Solidago nemoralis Ait. ssp. nemoralis. Fields, dry sands; infreq. *Sonchus asper (L.) Hill [= S. oleraceus L. var. asper L.]. Disturbed sites; rare. *Tanacetum vulgare L. Fields; infreq. *Taraxacum officinale G.H. Weber ex Wiggers. Lawns, fields, disturbed sites; freq. *Tragopogon dubius Scop. [= T. major Jacq.]. Fields; rare. Balsaminaceae Impatiens capensis Meerb. Moist roadsides and moist woods; freq. Northeastern Naturalist 294 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 Vol. 21, No. 2 Berberidaceae *Berberis thunbergii DC. Woodlands, roadsides; infreq. Betulaceae Betula populifolia Marsh. Fields, woodland margins; infreq. Bignoniaceae *Catalpa bignoniodies Walt. Fields; rare. Boraginaceae *Echium vulgare L. Roadsides and fields; infreq. Brassicaceae *Alliaria petiolata (Bieb.) Cavara & Grande [= A. officinalis Andrz. ex Bieb.]. Woodlands, disturbed sites; freq. *Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Roadsides, disturbed sites; freq. *Brassica nigra (L.) W.D.J. Koch. Fields; rare. *Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. Disturbed sites; infreq. *Cardamine hirsuta L. Lawns, disturbed sites; infreq. *Draba verna L. [= Erophila verna (L.) Bess.]. Disturbed sites; infreq. *Lepidium campestre (L.) Ait. f. Disturbed sites; rare. Lepidium virginicum L. var. virginicum. Fields, roadsides, disturbed sites; freq. Cabombaceae Brasenia schreberi J.F. Gmel. Ponds; rare. Caesalpiniaceae Chamaecrista nictitans (L.) Moench. [= Cassia nictitans L.]. Fields; freq. *Gleditsia triacanthos L. Fields; rare. Callitrichaceae Callitriche palustris L. Ponds; rare. Campanulaceae Triodanis perfoliata (L.) Nieuwl. [= Legousia perfoliata (L.) Britt.; Specularia perfoliata (L.) A. DC.]. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. Caprifoliaceae *Lonicera japonica Thunb. Fields, thickets, woodland edges, disturbed sites; freq. *Lonicera morrowii A. Gray. Fields, thickets; infreq. Sambucus nigra L. ssp. canadensis (L.) R. Bolli [= S. canadensis L.]. Wetland borders, thickets; infreq. Viburnum dentatum L. var. lucidum Ait. [= V. recognitum Fern.]. Thickets, woodlands; infreq. Caryophyllaceae *Arenaria serpyllifolia L. Disturbed sites; freq. *Cerastium visconsum L. Disturbed soil and lawns; freq. *Dianthus armeria L. Fields, roadsides; infreq. Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 21, No. 2 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 295 *Scleranthus annuus L. Disturbed sites; rare. *Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke [= S. cucubalus Wibel]. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. *Spergularia rubra (L.) J. & K. Persl. Roadsides; infreq. *Stellaria graminea L. Fields; infreq. Celastraceae *Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. Fields, clearings, roadsides, forests; freq. Ceratophyllaceae Ceratophyllum demersum L. Ponds; freq. Chenopodiaceae *Chenopodium album L. Disturbed sites; freq. *Chenopodium ambrosioides L. Disturbed sites; infreq. Cistaceae Helianthemum canadense (L.) Michx. Successional fields; infreq. Hudsonia ericoides L. Dry sands in open woodland; rare. Lechea intermedia Leggett ex Britt. Dry fields, roadside rights-of-way; freq. Clethraceae Clethra alnifolia L. Wetlands; rare. Convolvulaceae *Convolvulus arvensis L. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. Cornaceae Cornus florida L. [= Benthamidia florida (L.) Spach]. Woodlands; rare. Droseraceae Drosera rotundifolia L. Moist roadsides; infreq. Elaeagnaceae Elaeagnus umbellata Thunb. Fields; infreq. Ericaceae Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Sprengel. Woodland openings; infreq. Chamaedaphne calyculata L. Moench. Pond margins; freq. Gaultheria procumbens L. Woods; infreq. Gaylussacia baccata (Wangenh.) K. Koch. Woodlands; freq. Gaylussacia dumosa (Andr.) T. & G. var. bigeloviana Fern. Historical record from 1918; not recently observed. Eubotrys racemosa (L.) Nutt. Moist woods and swamps; infreq. Lyonia ligustrina (L.) DC. var. ligustrina. Edge of swamp; rare. Rhododendron viscosum (L.) Torr. Moist woodlands; rare. Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. Fields and woods; freq. Vaccinium corymbosum L. Wetlands; freq. Vaccinium pallidum Ait. [= Vaccinium vacillans Kalm. ex Torr.]. Fields and woods; freq. Northeastern Naturalist 296 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 Vol. 21, No. 2 Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia maculata L. [= Chamaesyce maculata (L.) Small; E. supina (Raf.) Moldenke]. Disturbed sites; freq. Fabaceae Baptisia tinctoria (L.) R. Br. ex Ait. f. Fields; infreq. *Coronilla varia L. Roadsides; locally abundant. Lespedeza angustifolia. (Pursh) Ell. Fields; infreq. (S2, State Threatened). Lespedeza capitata Michx. Fields; freq. Lespedeza procumbens Michx. Roadsides and fields; infreq. *Lotus corniculatus L. Fields, roadsides; infreq. Lupinus perennis L. Roadside; rare. *Medicago sativa L. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. *Melilotus albus Medik. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. *Melilotus officinalis (L.) Pallas. Fields; freq. *Robinia pseudoacacia L. Fields, woodlands; infreq. *Trifolium campestre Schreb. [= T. procumbens L.]. Lawns, fields, roadsides; freq. *Trifolium hybridum L. Fields, lawns; infreq. *Trifolium pratense L. Lawns, fields; freq. *Trifolium repens L. Lawns, fields; freq. *Vicia angustifolia L. [= V. sativa L. var. angustifolia (L.) Ehrh.]. Fields; infreq. *Vicia cracca L. Fields; infreq. Fagaceae Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh. Woods (one tree with a dbh of 31 cm); rare. Quercus alba L. Woodlands; infreq. Quercus bicolor Willd. Moist woods; rare. Quercus coccinea Muenchh. Dry woods; infreq. Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh. Dry woods; freq. Quercus palustris Muenchh. Swamps; infreq. Quercus prinoides Willd. Dry woods; rare. Quercus prinus L. Dry woods; rare. *Quercus robur Michx. Planted; rare. Quercus velutina Lam. Woodlands; freq. Hamamelidaceae Hamamelis virginiana L. Moist woodlands; rare. Haloragaceae Myriophyllum heterophyllum Michx. Recharge basin; rare. Hypericaceae Hypericum gentianoides (L.) B.S.P. Dry fields and open, sandy sites; infreq. *Hypericum perforatum L. ssp. perforatum. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. Triadenum virginicum (L.) Raf. [= Hypericum virginicum L.]. Marshes; infreq. Juglandaceae Carya ovata (Miller) K. Koch. Woods; infreq. Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 21, No. 2 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 297 Lamiaceae *Lamium amplexicaule L. var. amplexicaule. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. Lycopus americanus Muhl. ex W. Bart. Marshes; rare. Lycopus virginicus L. Marshes; infreq. *Nepeta cataria L. Fields; rare. *Prunella vulgaris L. ssp. vulgaris. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. Trichostema dichotomum L. Fields, open sandy sites; infreq. Lauraceae Sassafras albidum (Nutt.) Nees. Woods; infreq. Lentibulariaceae Utricularia macrorhiza Le Conte. Ponds; rare but locally abundant some years. Linaceae Linum virginianum L. Swamps, moist roadsides; infreq. Lythraceae Decodon verticillatus (L.) Elliott. Marshes, pond edges; freq. Magnoliaceae Liriodendron tulipifera L. Field; rare. Malvaceae *Abutilon theophrasti Medick. Disturbed sites; rare. Molluginaceae *Mollugo verticillata L. Disturbed sites; infreq. Monotropaceae Monotropa uniflora L. Woods; rare. Moraceae *Morus alba L. Fields; infreq. Myricaceae Comptonia peregrina (L.) Coult. [= Myrica asplenifolia L.]. Woodland margins and openings, fields; infreq. Myrica gale L. Moist woods and edges of ponds; rare. Myrica pensylvanica Mirbel. Fields; freq. Nymphaeaceae Nuphar advena (Ait.) Kartesz & Gandhi [= N. lutea ssp. advena (Ait.) Ait. f.]. Ponds; freq. Nymphaea odorata Ait. Ponds; infreq. Nyssaceae Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Moist woods, swamps; infreq. Northeastern Naturalist 298 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 Vol. 21, No. 2 Oleaceae *Forsythia viridissima Lindl. Persistant after cultivation; rare. Fraxinus americana L. Woods; infreq. *Ligustrum vulgare L. Thickets, woodland margins; infreq. Onagraceae Oenothera biennis L. Fields, roadsides, disturbed sites; freq. Oxalidaceae Oxalis stricta L. [= O. fontana Bunge]. Lawns, disturbed sites; freq. Phytolaccaceae Phytolacca americana L. var. americana. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. Plantaginaceae *Plantago aristata Michx. Fields, dry sands; infreq. *Plantago lanceolata L. Lawns, fields, disturbed sites; freq. *Plantago major L. Lawns, fields, disturbed sites; freq. Plantago rugelii Dcne. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. Platanaceae *Platanus x hybrida Brot. Fields and woods; rare. Polygonaceae *Polygonum aviculare L. ssp. aviculare. Disturbed sites; freq. Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. & Zucc. Moist soil, roadsides, marshes; infreq. *Rumex acetosella L. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. Rumex crispus L. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. Portulacaceae *Portulaca oleracea L. Disturbed sites; infreq. Primulaceae Lysimachia quadrifolia L. Moist woods, fields; infreq. Trientalis borealis Raf. Fields; rare. Pyrolaceae Chimaphila maculata Pursh. Woodlands; Rare Rhamnaceae Ceanothus americanus L. Pond margins; infreq. Rosaceae Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medik. Woodlands, thickets; freq. Aronia arbutifolia (L.) Pers. [= Photinia pyrifolia (Lam.) Robertson & Phipps]. Border of woodland and wetland; rare. Fragaria virginiana Duchesne. Fields; infreq. *Potentilla argentea L. Lawns, disturbed sites; infreq. Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 21, No. 2 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 299 Potentilla canadensis L. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. *Potentilla recta L. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. Potentilla simplex Michx. Lawns and fields; freq. Prunus serotina Ehrh. var. serotina. Fields, woodlands, thickets; freq. *Rosa multiflora Thunb. ex Murr. Fields, thickets; freq. Rosa palustris Marsh. Marshes, swamps; infreq. Rubus allegheniensis Porter. Fields, thickets; freq. Rubus flagellaris Willd. Fields; infreq. Rubus hispidus L. Fields, marshes; infreq. *Rubus phoenicolasius Maxim. Roadsides, fields; infreq. Spiraea tomentosa L. Marshes, moist fields; infreq. Rubiaceae Diodia teres Walt. var. teres. Dry sands; infreq. Galium aparine L. Fields; rare. *Galium mollugo L. Woodlands; infreq. Salicaceae Populus grandidentata Michx. Fields; infreq. Populus tremuloides Michx. Fields; infreq. Salix bebbiana Sarg. Fields; infreq. Salix discolor Muhl. Fields, roadsides; infreq. Saxifragaceae Chrysosplenium americanum Schwein. ex Hook. Stream edges; infreq. Scrophulariaceae Agalinis purpurea (L.) Pennell [= Gerardia purpurea L.]. Fields; freq. Linaria canadensis (L.) Dum. - Cours. Disturbed soil, fields; freq. *Linaria vulgaris P. Mill. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. *Verbascum blattaria L. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. *Verbascum thapsus L. Fields, roadsides; freq. *Veronica arvensis L. Lawns; freq. *Veronica officinalis L. Lawns; freq. *Veronica serpyllifolia L. ssp. serpyllifolia. Disturbed sites; infreq. Solanaceae *Datura stramonium L. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. *Nicotiana tabacum L. One specimen at BNL entrance sign; rare. Physalis heterophylla Nees Fields; rare. Solanum carolinense L. var. carolinense. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. *Solanum dulcamara L. var. dulcamara. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. *Solanum nigrum L. ssp. nigrum. Disturbed sites; rare. Ulmaceae Ulmus americana L. Thicket; rare. *Ulmus pumilia L. Fields; infreq. Northeastern Naturalist 300 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 Vol. 21, No. 2 Urticaceae Boehmeria cylindrica (L.) Sw. var. cylindrica. Pond margins, marshes; infreq. Pilea pumila (L.) A. Gray. Moist woodlands; rare. Verbenaceae Verbena hastata L. Fields; infreq. Violaceae Viola blanda Willd. var. blanda. Moist roadsides; freq. Viola sororia Willd. Fields, lawns; freq. Vitaceae Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planch. Woodlands, fields, thickets; freq. Vitis aestivalis Michx. Woods; freq. Vitis labrusca L. Woods, thickets; freq. MAGNOLIOPHYTA - LILIOPSIDA Alismataceae Alisma subcordatum Raf. Marshes, pond margins; infreq. Sagittaria latifolia Willd. [= S. obtusa Muhl. ex Willd.]. Pond margins, marshes; infreq. Araceae Peltandra virginica (L.) Schott & Endl. Pond margins; infreq. Symplocarpus foetidus (L.) Nutt. Swamps; rare. Cyperaceae Carex festucacea Willd. Moist woods, roadsides; infreq. Carex granularis Willd. Moist roadsides; rare. Carex intumescens Rudge. Moist woodlands, moist roadsides; infreq. Carex lurida Wahlenb. Moist roadsides, moist woods; infreq. Carex normalis Mackenzie. Woodlands; infreq. Carex pensylvanica Lam. Dry, open woodlands; infreq. Carex scoparia Schkuhr ex Willd. var. scoparia. Moist fields; infreq. Carex stipata Willd. Moist roadsides; infreq. Carex stricta Lam. Marshes; rare. Carex swanii (Fern.) Mackenzie. Moist fields, open woodlands; freq. Carex vulpinoidea Michx. Marshes, moist fields; freq. Cyperus dentatus Torr. Pond margins; rare. *Cyperus esculentus L. var. leptostachyus Boeck. Moist fields, disturbed soils; infreq. Cyperus lupulinus (Spreng.) Marcks ssp. macilentus (Fern.) Marcks [= C. filiculmis Vahl var. macilentus Fern.]. Dry sands, fields; rare. Cyperus strigosus L. Disturbed soil; freq. Dulichium arundinaceum (L.) Britt. var. arundinaceum. Pond; infreq. Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.) Schultes var. borealis (Svenson) Gleason [= E. elliptica Kunth] Swamp; rare. Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Schultes var. obtusa [= E. ovata (Roth) Roemer & J.A. Schultes var. obtusa (Willd.) Kükenth.]. Pond margins; rare. Eriophorum virginicum L. Reported by Lawler, Matusky and Skelly 1995; not recently observed. Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 21, No. 2 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 301 Rhynchospora scirpoides (Torr.) Gray. Drawn-down pond margins; infreq. (S3, State Threatened, Rare). Scirpus cyperinus (L.) Kunth. Moist roadsides, pond margins; freq. Scirpus expansus Fern. Marsh; rare. Scirpus hattorianus Makino. Marsh; rare. Iridaceae Iris versicolor L. Marshes; infreq. Sisyrinchium angustifolium P. Mill. Lawns, fields; freq. Juncaceae Juncus canadensis J. Gay ex Laharpe. Pond shores, marshes; freq. Juncus effusus L. ssp. solutus (Fern. & Wieg.) Hämet-Ahti. Pond shores, marshes, moist fields; freq. Juncus gerardii Loisel. Disturbed soil near Gamma Forest; infreq. Juncus tenuis Willd. Fields, trail margins; freq. Lemnaceae Wolffia papulifera C. Thompson [= W. brasiliensis Weddell]. Ponds; rare but locally abundant some years. Liliaceae Aletris farinosa L. Reported by Lawler, Matusky, and Skelly 1995; not recently observed. *Allium vineale L. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. Maianthemum canadense Desf. Woods; freq. Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. [= Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link]. Woods; rare. Orchidaceae Cypripedium acaule Ait. Dry woods; rare. *Epipactis helleborine (L) Crantz. Roadsides near entrance to gamma forest; rare. Plantathera cristata (Michx.) Lindl. [= Habenaria cristata (Michx.) R. Br.]. Historical record (T. Greene, pers. comm.); not recently observed. Platanthera lacera (Michx.) G. Don [= Habenaria lacera (Michx.) R. Br.]. Edge of mesic woodland; rare. Spiranthes cernua (L.) Rich. Field; rare. Poaceae Andropogon gerardii Vitman. Roadsides; freq. Andropogon virginicus L. var. virginicus. Fields, woodland openings; freq. Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.) Beauv. Marshes; freq. *Dactylis glomerata L. Fields; freq. *Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop. Disturbed sites; freq. Danthonia spicata (L.) Beauv. ex Roemer & J.A. Schultes. Fields, open woodlands; freq. *Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex B.D. Jackson [= Agropyron r.]. Fields; infreq. *Eragrostis curvula (Schrad.) Nees. Roadsides, disturbed sites; infreq. Eragrostis spectabilis (Pursh) Steud. Fields, roadsides; freq. Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw. Swamps, marshes; rare. *Lolium perenne L. Fields, roadsides, lawns; freq. Panicum capillare L. ssp. capillare. Fields, disturbed sites; infreq. Northeastern Naturalist 302 R. Stalter and E.E. Lamont 2014 Vol. 21, No. 2 Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. var. dichotomiflorum. Fields, disturbed sites; freq. Phalaris arundinacea L. Fields; infreq. *Phleum pratense L. Fields; freq. *Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. var. australis [= P. communis Trin.]. Marshes, pond margins; freq. *Poa annua L. Fields, lawns, disturbed soils; freq. Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash var. scoparium [= Andropogon scoparius Michx.]. Fields, roadsides; freq. Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash. Roadsides; infreq. Tridens flavus (L.) A.S. Hitchc. var. flavus [= Triodia flava (L.) Smyth]. Fields, roadsides; freq. Pontederiaceae Pontederia cordata L. Ponds; infreq. Potamogetonaceae *Potamogeton crispus L. Ponds; infreq. Smilacaceae Smilax rotundifolia L. Woodlands, swamps, thickets; freq. Sparganiaceae Sparganium eurycarpon Engelm. ex Gray. Marshes, ponds; infreq. Typhaceae Typha angustifolia L. Marshes; infreq. Typha latifolia L. Marshes, infreq. Xyridaceae Xyris difformis Chapman. Dry fields; rare.