Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 26, No. 1 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 63 2019 NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST 26(1):63–80 The Lichens of Point Pleasant Park, Halifax, Nova Scotia Anwar Tumur1,2 and David H.S. Richardson2,* Abstract - The peninsula on which the city of Halifax is located ends in a park that has remained mostly wooded since 1749, despite being periodically disturbed and partially cleared by military activities and storms. This first detailed study of the lichens of Point Pleasant Park is based on collections from almost 300 survey sites, which showed a remarkably diverse flora of 164 species, varying from pollution-tolerant lichens such as Lecanora conizaeoides at the northern end of the park, to members of the Lobarion community at the southern end. In 2003, Hurricane Juan felled a large number of the larger, older trees, which explains the current high proportion of crustose species established on the smaller, younger, trees. The baseline data reported in this study will be of value to follow the succession of lichens on trees as the bark surfaces change from smooth to ridged, with age, over the next few decades. The rich lichen flora of the park also reflects the fact that there are rock outcrops and vertical rock faces. These substrates support a lichen flora of 43 species, and the terricolous habitats are colonized by a further 23 species, including 18 species of Cladonia. Introduction Point Pleasant was the original site chosen in 1749 for the settlement that was to become known as Halifax, but it was very exposed to the elements and shortly afterwards the settlement was moved north to its present-day site (Kalkreuth and Duinker 2006, Kitz and Castle 1999). Point Pleasant then became a military-defense area designed to protect Halifax against invasion by the French or Americans. In 1796, many of the trees were removed to provide a clear view of the harbor from the fortified tower, which is similar in design to Martello Towers seen at Saint John, NB,Canada, and around the coast of the United Kingdom (Anonymous 2017). Subsequently, the woodlands regenerated, and Point Pleasant officially became a public park in 1866, with a 99-y lease from the Crown to the City of Halifax for the price of 1 shilling a year (HRM 2008). Approximately 63 ha (84%) of Point Pleasant became forested after the area was designated as a public park, of which ~ 50 ha were dominated by conifers and 4 ha were covered by mixed deciduous woodland (LaHave Forestry 1984). The main native coniferous species are Picea rubens Sarg. (Red Spruce) and Pinus strobus L. (White Pine), with some Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. (Balsam Fir), Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carriére (Eastern Hemlock), Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (White Spruce), and Pinus resinosa Sol. ex Aiton (Red Pine). Native deciduous species included Acer rubrum L. (Red Maple), Acer saccharinum L. (Sugar Maple), Betula alleghaniensis 1College of Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, 666 Shengli Road, Urumqi, Xinjiang, PR of China. 2Department of Environmental Science, Saint Mary’s University, 923 Robie Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3C3, Canada. *Corresponding author - david.richardson@smu.ca Manuscript Editor: Robert Cameron Northeastern Naturalist 64 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 Vol. 26 No. 1 Britt. (Yellow Birch), Betula papyrifera Marshall (White Birch), Quercus rubra L. (Red Oak), and Fraxinus americana L. (White Ash) (Jotcham et al. 1992, Neily et al. 2004). There is also a wide variety of non-native trees such as Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots Pine), Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold (Austrian Pine), Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas Fir), Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. (Norway Spruce), and Fagus sylvatica L. (European Beech) (Jotcham et al. 1992). Over the past 2 decades, the flora of Point Pleasant Park has changed considerably. Although hurricanes and storms have affected Nova Scotia in most decades, the impact of Hurricane Juan, which struck on 29 September 2003, was devastating. Point Pleasant Park lost 80% (~75,000) of its trees (NSDNR 2004). Furthermore, a year earlier, ~2500 spruce trees in the Park were removed as part of an attempt to control the infestation and spread of the alien Japanese Brown Spruce Longhorn Beetle (CBC 2002). However, subsequent research revealed that the spread of this insect was more limited than first feared (Rhainds et al. 2011). There were concerns that regrowth of trees at Point Pleasant Park would be slow due to the shallow, rather poor soils, but the forest has regenerated rapidly, aided by some additional planting of young trees, especially along the margins of paths (D’entrement 2018) In addition to trees, substrata for lichen colonization include the thin, rather acid soils, rock outcrops, and vertical rock faces, as well as the seashore, where there are few outcrops. The tidal zone is mainly composed of large boulders that have been subject to a lot of human disturbance. Prior to the present lichen flora investigation, the trees and herbaceous plants in Point Pleasant Park have been studied (LaPaix and Patriquin 2012, Steenberg and Duinker 2010), but there have been only 2 collectors of lichens. The first was by a high school student, Philip Ward (1968), who developed an interest in urban lichens and Lepidoptera, and subsequently became a Professor of Entomology. His distribution maps, field notebook, and specimens in the herbarium at the Museum of Nature in Ottawa (CANL) indicate that he collected only 13 species: Baeomyces rufus, Bryoria furcellata, B. trichodes ssp. trichodes, Caloplaca holocarpa, C. scopularis, Candelariella aurella, Cladonia uncialis, Lasallia papulosa, Melanelia disjuncta, Parmelia saxatilis, Platismatia glauca, and Umbilicaria muhlenbergii from Point Pleasant Park between 25 December 1968 and 12 January 1969. In 2011, Troy McMullin, then a graduate student, became the second person to collect specimens from the park, which are also in the herbarium at the Museum of Nature in Ottawa (CANL). He collected Bryoria furcellata, B. nadvornikiana, B. trichodes ssp. trichodes, and Phaeocalicium polyporaeum. The objective of the present study was to record the current lichen flora in Point Pleasant Park in order to provide baseline data on the species and abundance of lichens in relation to various substrata. Methods Point Pleasant Park forms the southern tip of the geological feature, the Halifax Peninsula, and includes 75 ha of mixed deciduous woodland, although some areas are dominated by conifers (Fig. 1). The Park also includes recreational areas (e.g., picnic places) and historical sites (WWI and WWII gun emplacements and memorials). Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 26, No. 1 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 65 We conducted the lichen survey of Point Pleasant Park between 16 January and 22 May 2017. We found, using park maps and a reconnoiter, that habitat diversity included coarse woody debris, rock outcrops, soil, and stumps, trunks, and branches of trees. We visited these habitats, and where we observed any lichen species of interest, we established a collection site by recording the location with a Garmin GPS and making a collection. At each site, we identified common species in the field and took voucher specimens of all other lichens. We uploaded GPS data into Figure 1. Point Pleasant Park lies at the south end of a peninsula; the city of Halifax lies within the center of the peninsula. The inset map of the east coast of North America shows the position of Halifax on the eastern side of the province of Nova Scotia. Northeastern Naturalist 66 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 Vol. 26 No. 1 a computer at the Maritime Provinces Spatial Analysis Research Centre at Saint Mary’s University. We identified the lichen specimens morphologically and/or by microscopic examination of their ascospores, as well as by chemical-spot tests and responses to UV light. For, example, we separated Cladonia grayi from C chlorophaea s.l. on the basis of morphology, spot tests, and its UV-light response (Brodo 2016). For Usnea spp., we employed thin layer chromatography (TLC) using solvent G and C along with standards that included atranorine, norstictic, salazinic acid, etc. (Orange et al. 2001). TLC was also used by those to whom we sent difficult genera (see Acknowledgments). The following texts proved valuable for identifying the collected species: Brodo et al. (2001), Brodo (2016), Hinds and Hinds (2007), and Smith et al. (2009). The nomenclature herein generally follows Esslinger (2016). We have deposited the 317 packets containing lichen specimens that we collected from Point Pleasant Park in the New Brunswick Museum, together with an Excel spreadsheet, prepared with the help of Dr Stephen Clayden, that provides GPS details for each site, the substratum, and collection date. Many of the tree-bark collections were colonized by more than 1 species; therefore, additional research on these associate species could be undertaken especially by lichenologists interested in the succession of lichens on trees. To assess lichen diversity in the various habitats and analyze the data, we employed the Shannon–Weiner diversity index: H′ = -Σ PilnPi , where Pi = relative proportion of the i. We performed all data analysis in the MVSP (Multivariate Statistical Package) Version 3.13d, Kovach Computing Services (KCS). Results We collected lichens from 6 different substrata at 294 sites in Point Pleasant Park (Fig. 2) and prepared 317 packets, which upon examination resulted in 164 different lichen species belonging to 83 genera (Table 1). Overall, crustose lichens were the most common with 103 species (63%), while foliose and fruticose lichens included 32 species (20%) and 28 species (17%), respectively. The most frequently recorded genera in the Park were Cladonia (18 species, 11%) and Lecanora (8 species, 5%); 68% of the species reproduced by ascospores and 32% by vegetative propagules (isidia and soredia). We calculated the Shannon–Weiner diversity index in order to compare the corticolous lichen diversity between the different tree genera (Table 2). The number and diversity of lichen species differred between the tree genera, with Acer, Picea, and Quercus supporting the greatest diversities; 73 lichens (DI = 4.29) were found on deciduous trees and accounted for 72% of the corticolous species, and 40 lichens (DI = 3.69) were on coniferous trees and accounted for 39% of the corticolous species. The Park’s shallow soils were colonized by many Cladonia species as well as Dibaeis baeomyces and Placynthiella uliginosa, where the soil was compacted along woodland paths. We found 18 Cladonia species on tree stumps and fallen rotting branches. They may have increased in frequency in the last decade because Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 26, No. 1 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 67 Figure 2. Distribution of sampling sites according to habitat in Point Pl easant Park. Table 1. The Shannon–Weiner diversity index of lichens colonizing different substrata. Substrate types Number of lichen species Percentage Diversity index Corticolous 102 62.57 4.63 Saxicolous 43 25.76 3.74 Terricolous 23 14.11 3.13 Lignicolous 8 4.91 2.08 Resinicolous 2 1.23 0.69 Lichenicolous 2 1.23 0.69 Northeastern Naturalist 68 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 Vol. 26 No. 1 this substratum became more abundant on the woodland floor following the impact of Hurricane Juan in 2003. Xylographa spp. were also common on this substratum, and we found several Caliciales on decorticated dead trunks. The rock outcrops in the forested areas, except where there was dense shade from coniferous trees, were colonized by macrolichens such as Umbilicaria muhlenbergii, Lasallia papulosa, Xanthoparmelia conspersa, X. cumberlandia, X. plittii, and Arctoparmelia centrifuga together with a range of crustose species. The stonework of old fortifications and some of the seashore rocks were colonized by Xanthoria parietina, while several species of Verrucaria were found on large boulders at or below high tide. Discussion The lichen flora of Point Pleasant Park is remarkably rich considering that it is at the end of a small peninsula immediately adjacent to the city of Halifax with a downtown population exceeding 65,000 within the Halifax Regional Municipality that numbers ~400,000 (Previl and Grudic 2017). This urban center is a source of air pollution to which many lichens are very sensitive (Richardson 1992), but there is no heavy industry, which is reflected by the fact that the trees in the Halifax Public Gardens (6.4 ha), close to the city center are colonized by 52 lichen species belonging to 28 genera (Tumur and Richardson 2017). The gardens, which are 2.8 km north of the park, were established in 1836. Point Pleasant Park, although much larger (75 ha) and subject to at least periodic partial clearing related to military activities since 1759 (including the First and Second World Wars), is host to 164 lichen species comprising 82 genera. This rich flora is found even though the trees in the park have been affected by hurricanes or storms at 10–20-y intervals since at least 1871; the most recent was the devastating Hurricane Juan in 2003, mentioned above. In spite of the disturbances to Point Pleasant Park, the mature White Pine trees near the park entrance (2.4 km from City Hall) are heavily colonized by the pollution- tolerant Lecanora conizaeoides (LaGreca and Stutzman 2006) and nearby Table 2. Lichen diversity assessment using the Shannon–Weiner index in relation to the different tree types in Point Pleasant Park. Tree genus Number of lichen species Percentage Diversity index (DI) Acer 28 34.74 3.33 Picea 30 28.42 3.40 Quercus 28 31.58 3.33 Pinus 19 18.95 2.94 Ulmus 18 14.74 2.89 Betula 11 10.53 2.39 Fagus 10 9.47 2.30 Prunus 7 11.58 1.95 Fraxinus 5 9.47 1.61 Abies 2 2.11 0.69 Alnus 1 1.05 0.00 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 26, No. 1 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 69 large deciduous trees have the typical lichen flora of Halifax roadside trees that includes Parmelia sulcata, P. squarrosa, Hypogymnia physodes, and a range of acid-loving crustose species. By contrast,we found members of the very pollution- sensitive Lobarion community on trees near the southern tip of the peninsula close to Cambridge Battery (3.1 km from City Hall and 0.3 km from the sea). Three large trees (2 Acer platanoides L. [Norway Mapple] and 1 ash) were colonized by Lobaria scrobiculata and 1 by L. pulmonaria. We also found various species of Usnea and the cyanolichens Collema subflaccidum and Leptogium cyanescens on other deciduous trees in this area together with the crustose Arthothelium spectabile and Thelotrema lepadinum. This lichen community was probably more widespread before the loss of many of the larger trees in this area of the park following damage by Hurricane Juan. It is interesting, although not surprising, that the transition from an acidophilic flora to a Lobarion one occurs over such a short distance. The prevailing winds tend to blow the city pollution away from the Park and the salt spray has some neutralizing effects near the shore (Hinds 1995). The devastation caused by Hurricane Juan resulted in the current lichen flora over much of the Park being typical of young (20–50-y–old) trees. This smooth, young bark is one reason for the high proportion of crustose species recorded on the trees. It is likely that before Hurricane Juan removed many of the large trees, the Lobarion community on deciduous trees was more common, and that species such as Platismatia tuckermanii were more abundant on the coniferous trees. This baseline study, with its annotated check list and GPS data for each occurrence, enables researchers to revisit the collection sites and provides valuable data for the study of lichen succession in Point Pleasant Park. Succession may be influenced by the bark, which, on a high proportion of the trees, will change in the coming decade from smooth to ridged as the trees mature. The diversity of lichens in Point Pleasant Park reflects the wide range of habitats available for colonization. The Halifax Peninsula is underlain by the Cunard formation of the Meguma Supergroup that have been periodically studied (Laffin 1989, Toby 2006). The rock is rich in iron sulphide (pyrites). The geologic units in Point Pleasant Park belong to the Bluestone Quarry formation which has many carbonate inclusions and some carbonate-rich beds, but these are scattered and not prevalent (Howard Donohoe, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, NS, Canada, pers. comm.); however, where present, they facilitate colonization of the rocks and adjacent soils by lichens such as Verrucaria nigrescens, Diploschistes scruposus, and Peltigera didactyla. Elsewhere, the more acid rocks are covered with crustose lichens such as Fuscidea, Porpidia, and Rhizocarpon species, together with macrolichens such as Umbilicaria muhlenbergii and Xanthoparmelia species. Finally, the thin, acid soils have a rich flora of Cladonia species and, where compacted, soil-binding crustose lichens. Annotated Checklist of Lichens Acarospora fuscata (Schrader) Arnold ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.289'N, 63°34.383'W; 44°37.220'N, 63°34.308'W; 44°37.523'N, 63°34.054'W; 44°37.559'N, 63°34.262'W. Northeastern Naturalist 70 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 Vol. 26 No. 1 Agyrium rufum (Pers.) Fr. ‒ On dead decorticate Picea (spruce) branch. 44°37.348'N, 63°34.083'W. Amandinea polyspora (Willey) E. Lay & P. May ‒ On Fraxinus (ash), 44°37.497'N, 63°34.285'W. Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid. ‒ On Acer (maple), 44°37.576'N, 63°34.310'W. Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17288 (CANL). On Pinus strobus (White Pine), 44°37.313'N, 63°33.788'W. Arctoparmelia centrifuga (L.) Hale ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.351'N, 63°34.038'W. Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach. ‒ On Acer, 44°37.148'N, 63°33.967'W. Arthonia caudata Willey ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17286 (CANL). On Pinus strobus, 44°37.314'N, 63°33.789'W. Arthothelium sp. ‒ On Quercus (oak), 44°37.384'N, 63°33.838'W. Aspicilia cinerea (L.) Körber ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.469'N, 63°34.006'W; 44°37.223'N, 63°34.307'W; 44°37.559'N, 63°34.262'W. Aspicilia verrucigera Hue ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.587'N, 63°34.046'W; 44°37.562'N, 63°34.236'W. Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent. ‒ First collected by Ward (1968) #98305 (CANL) from a mossy stone in coniferous woods in the northeast section of the park. On Fagus (beech), 44°37.593'N, 63°34.285'W. Biatora sp. ‒ On Ulmus (elm), 44°37.130'N, 63°34.011'W. Bryoria furcellata (Fr.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. ‒ On Picea trunks and branches. 44°37.460'N, 63°34.164'W; 44°37.552'N, 63°34.226'W. On Pinus, 44°37.338'N, 63°34.328'W. On Ulmus, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.433'W. First collected by Ward (1968) #98415 (CANL) from Picea and Pinus. Unpublished records include McMullin (2011) #3847 (CANL) from the branches of a snag, 44°37.317'N, 63°33.792'W; McMullin (2017) # 17293 (CANL). On Picea, 44°37.316'N, 63°33.791'W. Bryoria nadvornikiana (Gyelnik) Brodo & D.Hawksw. ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2011) #3848 (CANL). On the branch of a snag, 44°37.317'N, 63°33.792'W. Bryoria trichodes ssp. trichodes (Michaux) Brodo & D. Hawksw. ‒ On Picea branch, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.433'W; also unpublished record by McMullin (2011) #3849 (CANL), on the branch of a snag, 44°37.319'N, 63°33.794'W; McMullin (2017) #17292 (CANL), on Picea, 44°37.320'N, 63°33.795'W; Ward (1968) #24538 (CANL), on Picea and Pinus. Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd ‒ On Quercus, 44°37.148'N, 63°343. 967'W. Buellia stillingiana J.Steiner. ‒ On Fraxinus, 44°37.488'N, 63°34.295'W; 44°37.497'N, 63°34.285'W. On Acer, 44°37.381'N, 63°34.321'W; 44°37.356'N, 63°33.815'W; 44°37.516'N, 63°34.320'W. On Quercus, 44°37.384'N, 63°33.838'W Calicium abietinum Pers. ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17296 (CANL). Lignicolous on a snag, 44°37.321′ N, 63°33.796′ W. Calicium glaucellum Ach. ‒ Lignicolous on dead decorticate branch, 44°37.569'N, 63°33.945'W. Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 26, No. 1 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 71 Caloplaca cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedwig) Th. Fr. ‒ On Ulmus, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.433'W. Caloplaca chrysophthalma Degel ‒ On tree bark, 44°37.313'N, 63°33.788'W. Caloplaca flavocitrina (Nyl.) H.Olivier ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.281'N, 63°33.768'W. Caloplaca holocarpa (Hoffm.ex Ach.) Wade ‒ Saxicolous, collected beside Northwest Arm, in Point Pleasant Park by Ward (1968) #98430 (CANL). Caloplaca pyracea (Ach.) Th. Fr. ‒ On Ulmus, 44°37.431'N, 63°34.289'W. Caloplaca scopularis (Nyl.) Lettau ‒ Collected by Ward (1968) #98428 (CANL) from a boulder along rocky seashore. Caloplaca xanthostigmoidea (Räsänen) Zahlbr. ‒ On Acer, 44°37.232'N, 63°34.082'W. Candelaria concolor (Dickson) Stein ‒ On Quercus, 44°37.311'N, 63°33.782'W. Candelariella aurella (Hoffm.)Zahlbr. ‒ Collected by Ward (1968) from horizontal concrete foundation above high-tide level of a rocky beach. Candelariella efflorescens R.C. Harris & W.R. Buck ‒ On Ulmus, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.433'W. Chrysothrix caesia (Flot.) Ertz & Tehler ‒ On Acer, 44°37.381'N, 63°34.321'W. Cladonia arbuscula (Wallr.) Rabenh. ‒ Terricolous among mosses on bog, 44°37.532'N, 63°34.292'W. On dead stump, 44°37.472'N, 63°34.302'W; 44°37.424'N, 63°34.231'W; 44°37.174'N, 63°34.164'W. Cladonia cenotea (Ach.) Schaerer ‒ Terricolous among mosses on bog, 44°37.553'N, 63°33.965'W; 44°37.522'N, 63°34.070'W. Cladonia chlorophaea s.l. ‒ Terricolous among mosses on rock, 44°37.399'N, 63°34.211'W Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Sprengel ‒ Terricolous, among mosses, 44°37.593'N, 63°34.039'W. Cladonia crispata (Ach.) Flotow ‒ Terricolous, 44°37.638'N, 63°34.155'W; 44°37.348'N, 63°34.038'W. On stump, 44°37.522'N, 63°34.070'W. Cladonia digitata (L.) Hoffm. ‒ Terricolous, among mosses, 44°37.239'N, 63°33.987'W. On decorticated wood, 44°37.494'N, 63°33.937'W; 44°37.159'N, 63°33.987'W. On mosses on rock, 44°37.564'N, 63°33.980'W. Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr. ‒ Terricolous, among mosses, 44°37.453'N, 63°34.241'W. Cladonia grayi G. Merr. ex Sandst ‒ Terricolous among mosses, 44°37.517'N, 63°34.322'W; 44°37.453'N, 63°34.189'W; 44°37.168'N, 63°33.939'W; 44°37.453'N, 63°34.241'W; 44°37.634'N, 63°34.160'W. Cladonia incrassata Flörke ‒ On decorticated wood, 44°37.509'N, 63°34.310'W; 44°37.512'N, 63°34.312'W; 44°37.472'N, 63°34.302'W; 44°37.453'N, 63°34.241'W.Terricolous among mosses, 44°37.259'N, 63°34.285'W; 44°37.488'N, 63°34.299'W.Terricolous on rock, 44°37.240'N, 63°33.996'W. On Abies, 44°37.573'N, 63°34.163'W. Cladonia macilenta var. bacillaris (Ach.) Schaerer ‒ On mossy rotting wood, 44°37.250'N, 63°33.993'W. Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17281 (CANL). Lignicolous on a stump, 44°37.322'N, 63°33.797'W. Cladonia maxima (Asah.) Ahti ‒ Terricolous/dead wood, 44°37.399'N, 63°34.211'W. Cladonia mitis Sandst. ‒ On rock, on mosses, 44°37.56'N, 63°34.074'W. Northeastern Naturalist 72 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 Vol. 26 No. 1 Cladonia ochrochlora Flörke ‒ Terricolous among mosses, 44°37.453'N, 63°34.241'W; 44°37.634'N, 63°34.160'W. Among mosses on rotting wood, 44°37.350'N, 63°34.044'W; 44°37.556'N, 63°34.188'W; 44°37.453'N, 63°34.189'W; 44°37.477'N, 63°34.335'W; 44°37.348'N, 63°34.038'W; 44°37.399'N, 63°34.205'W. Cladonia parasitica (Hoffm.) Hoffm. ‒ Lignicolous, 44°37.512'N, 63°34.312'W; 44°37.506'N, 63°34.172'W. Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F.H. Wigg. ‒ Terricolous, among mosses, 44°37.488'N, 63°34.299'W; 44°37.242'N, 63°33.957'W. Cladonia squamosa Hoffm. ‒ On dead wood, 44°37.512'N, 63°34.312'W. Terricolous on rock, 44°37.556'N, 63°34.237'W; 44°37.250'N, 63°34.993'W. On stump, 44°37.640'N, 63°34.1584'W; 44°37.556'N, 63°34.188'W. Cladonia strepsilis (Ach.) Grognot ‒ Terricolous, among mosses, 44°37.56'N, 63° 34.113'W. Cladonia uncialis (L.) F.H. Wigg. ‒ On log, soil and rock, 44°37.242'N, 63°33.957'W. First collected by Ward (1968) among mosses, grasses, and lichens on open rocky ground below White Pines. Coenogonium pineti (Ach.) Lücking & Lumbsch ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17277 (CANL). Corticolous and terricolous at the base of Betula (birch), 44°37.323'N, 63°33.798'W. Collema subflaccidum (Ach.) Ach. ‒ On Fagus, 44°37.404'N, 63°34.057'W. Cyphobasidium hypogymniicola (Diederich & Ahti) Millanes, Diederich, & Wedin‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17297 (CANL). Lichenicolous on Hypogymnia, on Picea, 44°37.324'N, 63°33.799'W. Dibaeis baeomyces (L. f.) Rambold & Hertel ‒ Terricolous among mosses, 44°37.424'N, 63°34.231'W. Diploschistes scruposus (Schreber) Norman ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.221'N, 63°34.310'W. Elixia flexella (Ach.) Lumbsch ‒ On dead decorticate bark, 44°37.349'N, 63°33.881'W. Evernia mesomorpha Nyl. ‒ On Betula, 44°37.537'N, 63°34.301'W. On Picea, 44°37.582'N, 63°34.307'W; 44°37.552'N, 63°34.226'W; 44°37.555'N, 63°34.244'W; 44°37.255'N, 63°33.802'W. Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale ‒ On Fagus, 44°37.202'N, 63°33.854'W; 44°37.417'N, 63°34.055'W and on Picea, 44°37.321'N, 63°34.396'W. Fuscidea arboricola Coppins & Tønsberg ‒ On Quercus, 44°37.567'N, 63°34.304'W. Fuscidea arcuatula (Arnold) Hertel, V. Wirth & Vězda ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.559'N, 63°34.262'W; 44°37.571'N, 63°34.244'W; 44°37.221'N, 63°34.301'W. Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. ‒ On Quercus, 44°37. 569'N, 63°34.300'W; 44°37.349'N, 63°33.933'W; 44°37.567'N, 63°34.304'W; 44°37.573'N, 63°34.273'W; 44°37.576'N, 63°34.304'W; 44°37.477'N, 63°34.335'W. On Picea, 44°37.388'N, 63° 34.315'W; 44°37.578'N, 63°34.274'W. On Fagus, 44°37.440'N, 63°34.204'W. On Pinus, 44°37.219'N, 63°34.047'W. Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach. ex Lilj.) M. Choisy ‒ On Picea, 44°37.548'N, 63°34.283'W. Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 26, No. 1 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 73 Hypogymnia incurvoides Rass. ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17294 (CANL). On Picea, 44°37.325'N, 63°33.800'W. Hypogymnia physodes (L.) Nyl. ‒ On living and dead Picea, 44°37.437'N, 63°34.229'W; 44°37.555'N, 63°34.243'W; 44°37.552'N, 63°34.226'W. On Quercus, 44°37.481'N, 63°34.328'W. On Ulmus, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.433'W, on Fagus, 44°37.229'N, 63°34.027'W; on bark, 44°37.453'N, 63°34.189'W; On Betula, 44°37.537'N, 63°34.301'W, and saxicolous, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.287'W. Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaerer) Hav. ‒ On Picea twigs and branches, 44°37.437'N, 63°34.229'W; on Acer, 44°37.509'N, 63°34.310'W; and saxicolous, 44°37.229'N, 63°34.027'W. Imshaugia aleurites (Ach.) S.F. Meyer ‒ On Pinus, 44°37.527'N, 63°34.475'W. On Picea, 44°37.548'N, 63°34.283'W; and on rock 44°37.229'N, 63°34.027'W. Ionaspis lacustris (With.) Lutzoni ‒ Saxicolous, on sloping wet rock below a spring. 44°37.223'N, 63°34.307'W. Japewia subaurifera Muhr & Tonsberg ‒ Corticolous on Picea, 44°37.548'N, 63°34.283'W. Lasallia papulosa (Ach.) Llano ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.571'N, 63°34.244'W; 44°37.223'N, 63°34.297'W; 44°37.223'N, 63°34.293'W; 44°37.220'N, 63°34.308'W. First collected by Ward (1968) #98416 (CANL) from a very unusual habitat (~91 cm [3 ft] above the ground on the bark of an ornamental Fagus sylvatica L. [Copper Beech]. Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) Th. Fr. ‒ Corticolous on Ulmus, 44°37. 431'N, 63°34.289'W. Lecania naegelii (Hepp) Diederich & van den Boom‒On Ulmus, 44°37.431'N, 63°34.289'W. Lecanora caesiorubella Ach. ‒ On Acer, 44°37.394'N, 63°34.309'W. On Quercus, 44°37.153'N, 63°33.955'W. Lecanora carpinea (L.) Vainio ‒ On Prunus pensylvanica L.f. (Pin Cherry), 44°37.533'N, 63°34.431'W. On Ulmus, 44°37.535'N, 63°34.448'W. Lecanora conizaeoides Nyl.ex Crombie ‒ On Pinus, 44°37.657'N, 63°34.133'W. 44°37.527'N, 63°34.475'W. Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17283 (CANL). On Pinus strobus, 44°37.326'N, 63°33.801'W. Lecanora hybocarpa (Tuck.) Brodo ‒ On Fraxinus, 44°37.479'N, 63°34.302'W. On Quercus, 44°37.423'N, 63°34.310'W; on bark, 44°37. 216'N, 63°34.101'W; on tree branch, 44°37.311'N, 63°33.782'W. Lecanora nothocaesiella R.C. Harris & Lendemer ‒ On Copper Beech, 44°37.129'N, 63°33.998'W. Lecanora polytropa (Hoffm.)Rabenh. ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.565'N, 63°33.944'W; 44°37.225'N, 63°34.297'W; 44°37.223'N, 63°34.307'W. Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach. ‒ On Fagus, 44°37.440'N, 63°34.204'W. On Quercus, 44°37.569'N, 63°34.300'W. On Pinus, 44°37.504'N, 63°34.379'W. Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17289 (CANL). On Pinus strobus, 44°37.327'N, 63°33.802'W. On Prunus pensylvanica, 44°37.311'N, 63°34.205'W. Lecanora strobilina (Sprengel) Kieffer ‒ On Prunus pensylvanica, 44°37.515'N, 63°34.321'W; 44°37.311'N, 63°34.205'W. On Acer, 44°37.516'N, 63°34.320'W. Northeastern Naturalist 74 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 Vol. 26 No. 1 Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach. ‒ On Betula, 44°37.579'N, 63°34.302'W. On Quercus, 44°37.576'N, 63°34.310'W. On Pinus, 44°37.219'N, 63°34.047'W; 44°37.153'N, 63°33.955'W. On Prunus pensylvanica, 44°37.515'N, 63°34.321'W; on bark, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.287'W. Lecidea tessellata Flörke ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.619'N, 63°34.056'W. Lecidea turgidula Fr. ‒ On Quercus, 44°37.626'N, 63°34.074'W. Leimonis erratica (Körber) R.C. Harris & Lendemer ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.587'N, 63°34.046'W. Lepra multipunctoides (Dibben) Lendemer & R.C. Harris ‒ On Quercus, 44°37.246'N, 63°34.410'W. Lepra pustulata (Brodo & W.L. Culb.) Lendemer & R.C. Harris ‒ On Picea, 44°37.481'N, 63°34.155'W. On Quercus, 44°37.479'N, 63°34.304'W. Lepra trachythallina (Erichsen) Lendemer & R.C. Harris ‒ On Quercus, 44°37.368'N, 63°34.336'W, 44°37.388'N, 63°34.315'W; on Acer, 44°37.381'N, 63°34.321'W. Lepraria finkii (B.de Lesd.)R.C.Harris ‒ On Ulmus, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.433'W and saxicolous, 44°37.578'N, 63°34.269'W; 44°37.641'N, 63°34.066'W. Lepraria humida Slavíková & Orange ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.593'N, 63°34.286'W; 44°37.559'N, 63°34.262'W. Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körber ‒ On Acer, 44°37.218'N, 63°34.113'W. Leptorhaphis epidermidis (Ach.) Th. Fr.‒Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17282 (CANL). On Betula, 44°37.328'N, 63°33.803'W. Lichenomphalia umbellifera (L.) Redhead et al. ‒ Terricolous, among mosses, 44°37.573'N, 63°34.163'W. Lobaria pulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. ‒ On Acer, 44°37.219'N, 63°34.115'W. Lobaria scrobiculata (Scop.) DC. ‒ On Acer, 44°37.219'N, 63°34.115'W; 44°37.211'N, 63°34.126'W. Loxospora cismonica (Beltr.) Hafellner ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017). #17279 (CANL). On Quercus, 44°37.329'N, 63°33.804'W. Loxospora ochrophaea (Tuck.) R.C. Harris ‒ On Acer, 44°37.213'N, 63°34.124'W. Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) Essl. ‒ On Acer, 44°37.148'N, 63°33.967'W; 44°37.381'N, 63°34.321'W. On Betula, 44°37.488'N, 63°34.295'W. Melanohalea olivacea (L.) O. Blanco et al. ‒ On Prunus pensylvanica branches and trunks, 44°37.517'N, 63°34.297'W. Montanelia disjuncta (Erichsen) Divakar et al. – Saxicolous. First collected by Ward (1968) #98365 (CANL) near the Northwest Arm in Point Pleasant Park. Montanelia panniformis (Nyl.) Divakar et al. – On exposed bedrock, 44°37.581'N, 63°34.106'W; 44°37.221'N, 63°34.310'W. Montanelia sorediata (Ach.) Divakar et al. ‒ On exposed bedrock, 44°37.579'N, 63°34.088'W. Mycocalicium subtile (Pers.) Szat. ‒ On dead decorticated branch, 44°37.657'N, 63°34.133'W. Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17299 (CANL). Lignicolous on a snag, 44°37.330'N, 63°33.805'W. Myriolecis hagenii (Ach.) Sliwa, Zhao Xin, & Lumbsch ‒ On Ulmus, 44°37.431'N, 63°34.289'W. Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 26, No. 1 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 75 Ochrolechia androgyna (Hoffm.) Arnold ‒ On Acer, 44°37.370'N, 63°33.829'W. On Ulmus, 44°37.337'N, 63°34.290'W. Ochrolechia arborea (Kreyer) Almb. On Quercus, 44°37.481'N, 63°34.328'W; 44°37.388'N, 63°34.315'W. Ochrolechia mexicana Vainio. ‒ On Acer, 44°37.381'N, 63°34.321'W. Ochrolechia pseudopallescens Brodo ‒ On Quercus, 44°37.479'N, 63°34.309'W. Palicella filamentosa (Stirton) Rodr. Flakus & Printzen ‒ On Prunus pensylvanica, 44°37.311'N, 63°34.205'W. On Picea, 44°37.437'N, 63°34.229'W. On Quercus, 44°37.567'N, 63°34.304'W. Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. ‒ On exposed bedrock, 44°37.453'N, 63°34.189'W; 44°37.364'N, 63°34.169'W; 44°37.556'N, 63°34.237'W; 44°37.562'N, 63°34.237'W; 44°37.221'N, 63°34.310'W. On Acer, 44°37.512'N, 63°34.374'W; on Picea, 44°37.566'N, 63°34.276'W. On Quercus, 44°37.481'N, 63° 34.328'W. On Fagus, 44°37.202'N, 63°33.854'W. First collected by Ward (1968) on rock among pine trees. Parmelia squarrosa Hale ‒ On Fagus, 44°37.400'N, 63°34.204'W. On Quercus, 44°37.349'N, 63°33.933'W; 44°37.388'N, 63°34.315'W. On Picea, 44°37.437'N, 63°34.229'W; 44°37.229'N, 63°34.027'W. On Betula, 44°37.575'N, 63°34.270'W. On Ulmus, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.433'W. On Acer, 44°37.509'N, 63°34.310'W. Parmelia sulcata Taylor ‒ On Ulmus, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.433'W. On Picea, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.287'W, 44°37.437'N, 63°34.229'W. On Betula, 44°37.487'N, 63°34.316'W; On Quercus, 44°37.388'N, 63°34.315'W; 44° 37.153'N, 63°33.955'W; On Acer, 44°37.516'N, 63°34.320'W; 44°37.527'N, 63°34.289'W; 44°37.509'N, 63°34.310'W; 44°37.331'N, 63°33.806'W. Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17298 (CANL). Parmeliopsis capitata R.C. Harris ex J.W. Hinds & P.L. Hinds ‒ On Pinus, 44°37.527'N, 63°34.475'W. Peltigera didactyla (With.) J.R. Laundon. ‒ Terricolous among mosses, 44°37.398'N, 63°33.984'W. Peltigera hymenina (Ach.) Delise ‒ Terricolous among mosses, 44°37.397'N, 63°33.983'W. Phaeocalicium polyporaeum (Nyl.) Tibell ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2011) #7098 (CANL). Fungicolous on Trichaptum biforme on a deciduous snag, 44°37.332'N, 63°33.807'W. Phaeographis inusta (Ach.) Müll. Arg. ‒ On Fagus, 44°37.440'N, 63°34.204'W and on Quercus, 44°37.576'N, 63°34.310'W. Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Necker) Moberg ‒ On Ulmus, 44°37.533'N, 63°34.433'W. Phaeophyscia pusilloides (Zahlbr.) Essl. ‒ On Ulmus, 44°37.527'N, 63°34.365'W; and on Acer, 44°37.512'N, 63°34.374'W. Phaeophyscia rubropulchra (Degel.) Essl. ‒ On Acer, 44°37.512'N, 63°34.374'W. Physcia adscendens (Fr.) H. Olivier ‒ On Ulmus, 44°37.535'N, 63°34.448'W. Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau ‒ On rock, 44°37.284'N, 63°34.369'W. Physcia millegrana Degel. ‒ On Ulmus, 44°37.533'N, 63° 34.433'W. Northeastern Naturalist 76 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 Vol. 26 No. 1 Physcia stellaris (L.)Nyl. ‒ On Quercus, 44°37.153'N, 63°33.955'W. On tree branch, 44°37.311'N, 63°33.782'W. On Acer, 44°37.512'N, 63°34.374'W. On rock, 44°37.284'N, 63°34.369'W. Placynthiella uliginosa (Schrader) Coppins & P. James ‒ On compacted soil, 44°37.585'N, 63°34.093'W. Platismatia glauca (L.) W.L. Culb. & C. Culb. ‒ On Picea, 44°37.566'N, 63°34.276'W; 44°37.460'N, 63°34.164'W. On Pinus, 44°37.437'N, 63°34.229'W. First collected by Ward (1968) #98363 (CANL) and #98364 (CANL) on White Pine. Platismatia tuckermanii (Oakes) W.L. Culb. & C. Culb. ‒ On Picea branches and trunk, 44°37.555'N, 63°34.243'W; 44°37.472'N, 63°34.302'W. Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17300 (CANL). Lignicolous on a snag, 44°37.333'N, 63°33.808'W. Porpidia albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Hertel & Knoph ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.364'N, 63°34.169'W; 44°37.559'N, 63°34.262'W; 44°37.492′ N, 63°34.135'W. Porpidia cf. contraponenda (Arnold) Knoph & Hertel ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.562'N, 63°34.237'W. Porpidia cinereoatra (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.559'N, 63°34.262'W; 44°37.347'N, 63°34.044'W; 44°37.562'N, 63°34.237'W; 44°37.36'N, 63°34.169'W; 44°37.587'N, 63°34.237'W; 44°37.619'N, 63°34.056'W. Porpidia crustulata (Ach.) Hertel & Knoph – Saxicolous, 44°37.399'N, 63°34.205'W. Porpidia tuberculosa (Sm.) Hertel & Knoph ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.492'N, 63°34.135'W; 44°37.641'N, 63°34.066'W. Pyrrhospora varians (Ach.) R.C. Harris ‒ On Pinus, 44°37.219'N, 63°34.047'W. On Fraxinus, 44°37.497'N, 63°34.285'W. Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17290 (CANL). On Prunus, 44°37.335'N, 63°33.810'W. On Acer, 44°37.509'N, 63°34.310'W; 44°37.527'N, 63°34.289'W. On Quercus, 44°37.576'N, 63°34. 310'W; 44°37.477'N, 63°34.335'W; 44°37.423'N, 63°34.310'W; on tree branch, 44°37.311'N, 63°34.782'W; 44°37.388'N, 63°34.315'W; 44°37.153'N, 63°33.955'W. Ramalina americana Hale ‒ On Acer, 44°37.153'N, 63°33.955'W. Ramalina dilacerata (Hoffm.) Hoffm. ‒ On Quercus, 44°37.388'N, 63°34.315'W. Rhizocarpon geographicum (L.) DC. ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.564'N, 63°33.980'W. Rhizocarpon infernulum(Nyl.) Lynge ‒ On wet and dry rocks, 44°37.387'N, 63° 34.315'W; 44°37.591'N, 63°34.287'W; 44°37.599'N, 63°34.262'W; 44° 37.556'N, 63°34.237'W; 44°37.562'N, 63°34.237'W. Rhizocarpon reductum Th. Fr. ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.634'N, 63°34.160'W; 44°37.250'N, 63°33.993'W; 44°37.250'N, 63°33.993'W. Rhizocarpon rubescens Th. Fr. ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.562'N, 63°34.237'W; 44°37.559'N, 63°34.262'W; 44°37.240'N, 63°33.996'W; 44°37.225'N, 63°34.297'W. Rinodina subminuta H. Magn. ‒ On Quercus, 44°37.311'N, 63°33.782'W. Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 26, No. 1 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 77 Ropalospora chlorantha (Tuck.) S. Ekman ‒ On Acer, 44°37.512'N, 63°34.374'W, 44°37.527'N, 63°34.289'W. On Betula, 44°37.575'N, 63°34.270'W; on Picea, 44°37.578'N, 63°34.274'W. On Pinus, 44°37.163'N, 63°34.098'W. On Fagus, 44°37.460'N, 63°34.164'W. Ropalospora lugubris f. sorediata Fryday & Coppins ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.523'N, 63°34.054'W. Ropalospora viridis (Tønsberg) Tønsberg ‒ On Acer, 44°37.527'N, 63°34.289'W. Rostania occultatum (Bagl.) Otalora, P.M.Jørg. & Wedin ‒ On Acer, 44°37.123'N, 63°34.009'W. Sarea difformis (Fr.) Fr. ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17280 (CANL). Resinicolous on Picea, 44°37.337'N, 63°33.812'W. Sarea resinae (Fr.) Kuntze ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17287 (CANL). Resinicolous on Picea, 44°37.338'N, 63°33.813'W. Scoliciosporum chlorococcum (Stenh.) Vězda ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17276 (CANL). On Pinus strobus, 44°37.339'N, 63°33.814'W. Scolicioporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.240'N, 63°33.996'W. Stenocybe pullatula (Ach.) Stein ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17295 (CANL). On Alnus incana ssp. rugosa (L.) Moench (Speckled Alder), 44°37.340'N, 63°33.815'W. Stereocaulon dactylophyllum Flörke ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.523'N, 63°34.054'W. Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. ‒ On Acer, 44°37.219'N, 63°34.115'W. Trapelia stipitata Brodo & Lendemer ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.332'N, 63°34.287'W; 44°37.284'N, 63°34.369'W; 44°37.39'N, 63°34.205'W. Trapeliopsis flexuosa (Fr.) Coppins & P. James ‒ On wood, 44°37.229'N, 63°34.027'W; on bark, 44°37.357'N, 63°34.024'W. Tuckermannopsis americana (Spreng.) Hale ‒ On Acer, 44°37.509'N, 63°34.310'W. Umbilicaria muhlenbergii (Ach.) Tuck. ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.223'N, 63°34.297'W. First collected by Ward (1968) from a slate rock below pine trees. Usnea dasopoga (Ach.) Nyl. ‒ On dead Picea twig, 44°37.437'N, 63°34.229'W. On Pinus, 44°37.657'N, 63°34.133'W. Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17284 (CANL). On a conifer snag, 44°37.341'N, 63°33.816'W. Usnea fulvoreagens (Räsänen) Räsänen ‒ On dead Picea twig, 44°37.218'N, 63°34.113'W. Usnea scabrata Nyl. [syn. U. barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg.] ‒ On dead Picea twig, 44°37.437'N, 63°34.229'W. Usnea strigosa (Ach.) Eaton ‒ On dead branches of Picea and Pinus, 44°37.572'N, 63°34.09'W. Usnea subfloridana Stirton ‒ On Picea, 44°37.555'N, 63°34.244'W; 44°37.582'N, 63°34.307'W; 44°37.274'N, 63°34.803'W. On Quercus, 44°37.57'N, 63°34.274'W. Verrucaria nigrescens Pers. ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.559'N, 63°34.262'W. Violella fucata (Stirton) T. Sprib. ‒ Unpublished record by McMullin (2017) #17291 (CANL). On Acer rubrum, 44°37.343'N, 63°33.818'W. On Quercus, 44°37.388'N, 63°34.315'W; 44°37.578'N, 63°34.274'W. On Picea, 44°37.238'N, 63°34.274'W. Northeastern Naturalist 78 A. Tumur and D.H.S. Richardson 2019 Vol. 26 No. 1 Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ehrh. ex Ach.) Hale ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.559'N, 63°34.104'W; 44°37.399'N, 63°34.205'W; 44°37.493'N, 63°34.140'W; 44°37.492'N, 63°34.135'W; 44°37.266'N, 63°34.226'W. Xanthoparmelia cumberlandia (Gyelnik) Hale ‒ Saxicolous, 44°37.557'N, 63°34.103'W. Xanthoparmelia plittii (Gyelnik) Hale ‒ Saxicolous,44°37.266'N, 63°34.226'W; 44° 37.399'N, 63°34.211'W; 44°37.221'N, 63°34.310'W. Xanthoria parietina (L.) Th. Fr. ‒ On Fraxinus, 44°37.517'N, 63°34.406'W. On rock, 44°37.284'N, 63°34.369'W; 44°37.147'N, 63°33.912'W. Xylographa opegraphella Nyl. ‒ On Pin Cherry, 44°37.311'N, 63°34.205'W. On wood, 44°37.229'N, 63°34.027'W; 44°37.348'N, 63°34.038'W. Xylospora friesii (Ach.) Bendiksby & Timdal. ‒ On Picea. 44°37.548'N, 63°34.283'W. Acknowledgments We express our sincere gratitude to Dr. Stephen Clayden, New Brunswick Museum, Saint John, NB, Canada, for examining and checking the identification of a large number of the lichen specimens donated to the Museum from this study. We are also grateful to Dr. Irwin Brodo (Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, ON, Canada), Dr. Alan Fryday (The Herbarium, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI) and to Dr. James Lendemer (New York Botanical Garden, New York, NY) respectively for their help in determining Lecanora, Porpidia, and Lepraria species. We also thank Ms. Frances Anderson for help with some of the foliose lichens. In addition, Prof. Philip S. Ward (University of California, Davis, CA) kindly made available his field notes, and Dr Troy McMullin (Canadian Museum of Nature) provided a list of Bryoria species and other lichens he collected in 2011 and 2017 from the Park. We acknowledge Prof. Mark Seaward (Bradford University, Bradford, UK) for editorial help and comments on drafts of this manuscript. We thank Mr. Greg Baker (Maritime Provinces Spatial Analysis Research Centre, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, NS, Canada) who prepared Figures 1 and 2. Finally, we acknowledge the China Scholarship Council, for providing funds that allowed Dr. Anwar Tumur to visit Saint Mary's University for the 2016–2017 academic year. Literature Cited Anonymous. 2017. Prince of Wales Tower. Wikipedia. Available online at https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Tower. Accessed April 2017. Brodo, I.M. 2016. Keys to Lichens of North America: Revised and Expanded. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. 424 pp. Brodo, I.M., S.D. Sharnoff and S. Sharnoff. 2001. Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, CT. 828 pp. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC). 2002. Digital archives. 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