2009 NORTHEASTERN NATURALIST 16(Monograph 4):1–39 Dwight Blaney and William Procter on the Molluscan Faunas of Frenchman Bay and Ironbound Island, Maine Richard I. Johnson* Abstract - In the early twentieth century, Dwight Blaney (1865–1944) and William Procter (1872–1951), two men of disparate genteel backgrounds, congregated in the summers with many of America’s social elite in Maine’s Bar Harbor region. Not prone to idleness, Blaney and Procter dredged the waters of Frenchman Bay for marine mollusks, Blaney in 1901–1909 and Procter in 1926–1932. Blaney collected 149 species: 6 chitons, 62 bivalves, 2 scaphopods, and 79 gastropods. Two of the mollusks were new species that were named after him: Tonicella blaneyi (a chiton) and Oenopota blaneyi (a gastropod). In 1904, Blaney made a survey of the land snails of Ironbound Island, his home in Frenchman Bay, finding 19 species. This survey remains the definitive study of the island. In 1916, Blaney and paleontologist Frederic Brewster Loomis extricated 23 marine mollusks from the Pleistocene clays of Mount Desert Island. Nine of these species were no longer living in Frenchman Bay, but had presumably moved to more northern climes. From 1904 to 1916, Blaney published seven scientific papers on the mollusks of Maine. His collection of Indian artifacts from coastal shell middens was among the earliest acquisitions of the Abbe Museum in Acadia National Park. Procter, working from his research laboratory at Corfield Cottage, his summer estate at Bar Harbor, collected 137 molluscan species from Frenchman Bay and environs: 5 chitons, 52 bivalves, 2 scaphopods, 77 gastropods (including O. blaneyi), and 1 cephalopod. Together, Blaney and Procter discovered 159 marine mollusk species in the vicinity of Frenchman Bay, of which 126 (79.3%) were in both collections. Their efforts still constitute the documented molluscan inventory for the region. Between 1927 and 1946, Procter published four volumes on natural history studies, especially of insects but including the marine mollusks and other fauna, under the title Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Dwight Blaney Early years Dwight Blaney (1865–1944) (Fig. 1) was the third of four children born to Henry and Mary French Wood Blaney. His father was a successful Boston banker. After spending 3 years in China on the bank’s business, he invested heavily in Boston real estate. Unfortunately, he lost almost everything in the Great Boston Fire of 18721 that reduced 65 acres of commercial property to ruin and destroyed almost 1000 businesses. The Blaney family removed temporarily to Salem to live with Emma Louise, Dwight’s eldest sister, who was married to the prominent artist and teacher Ross Sterling Turner.2 Turner was in the intimate circle of Childe Hassam3 and the artistic community of Celia Thaxter.4 The Blaney family had been associated with Salem and Lynn in Essex County for 200 years (Anonymous 1905). *Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138. Current address - 124 Chestnut Hill Road, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467; [no email]. 2 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 Young Blaney was sent to the respected Chauncey Hall School. Dwight attended the Boston Art School between 1886 and 1888. Painting seems to have come easily to him, perhaps because his mother was an artist. As a youth, he spent much time in the marshes of Salem and Lynn, where his early interests in natural history led him. Here he collected birds and their eggs, butterflies, minerals and fossils, and made drawings and sketches. His copy of The Naturalist’s Guide in Collecting and Preserving Objects of Natural History by Charles Johnson Maynard5 was well used and, according to his grandson Benjamin Blaney (pers. comm., 6/18/08), was replete with Dwight’s field notes on birds that he saw and collected. When only 19–20 years old, Blaney wrote two articles on butterflies for Maynard’s short-lived bimonthly The Naturalist in Florida (Blaney 1884, 1885). Blaney’s first job was as a draftsman of tombstones for a stonecarver. One day a stranger, who was one of the partners of the prestigious Boston architectural firm of Peabody and Stearns,6 watched Blaney painting in the marshes and offered him a job. Blaney was a draftsman for the firm for the next 7 years, working beside his childhood friend, architect, and later also a marine artist, George Canning Wales.7 Figure 1. Dwight Blaney (1865–1944). Circa 1905 photograph from Blaney Family Archives. 2009 R.I. Johnson 3 In 1891, Blaney, Wales, and a third friend left Peabody and Stearns to travel throughout Europe for the next 2 years. Blaney made over 2000 sketches, which he sold upon his return to repay money he had borrowed for the trip. In Rome, he conducted tours to earn a bit of money, and while doing so, he met a young Bostonian, Edith Hill. Much taken with Edith, Dwight followed her back to the United States. When he visited her on Maine’s Ironbound Island, where she was staying with a family friend, he proposed marriage. She accepted, and the couple was married on June 14, 1893. Since Edith received a significant stipend from her father, William Henry Hill, a director of the Eastern Steamship Company8 and several other firms, Dwight was now a “kept man.” No longer having to work for a living, he could devote his time to art, to the collecting of early American craftsmanship, and eventually back to his love of natural history, of which malacology became a particular favorite. The artist and antique collector The Blaneys maintained joined houses at 82 and 84 Mount Vernon Street on Boston’s Beacon Hill, almost across the street from the residence (at 77 Mount Vernon Street) of Sarah Wyman Whitman,9 book designer and creator of stained glass. After 1937, Whitman’s home became The Club of Odd Volumes.10 From 1927 to 1944, Blaney was one of the club’s 87 resident members, along with Samuel Henshaw11 and Thomas Barbour,12 both of whom served as Director of Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology. The Blaneys also had a farmhouse in Weston, MA, a house with a duck hunting blind at Eastham on Cape Cod, and a home on Ironbound Island in Maine’s Frenchman Bay13 (Fig. 2). Over time, the Blaney family acquired all of Ironbound Island. It remains in the family to this day and is a favorite site for excursions, especially during the summer months. Ironbound Island can readily be viewed from the top of Cadillac Mountain in Acadia National Park. The island covers about 830 acres and is a registered critical area for old-growth Pinus strobus L. (Eastern White Pine). It is now protected by a conservation easement. Blaney, although he has been referred to as simply “a gentleman painter” by some art historians, was admired as an American Impressionist14 painter by a number of his fellow artists, among them Frank Weston Benson,15 William McGregor Paxton,16 John Singer Sargent,17 Edmund Charles Tarbell,18 and sculptor Bela Lyon Pratt.19 The criticism that Blaney need not be taken seriously as an artist actually meant that he did not have to sell his works to earn a living. Blaney painted in both oils and watercolors. He is best known for his landscapes, snow scenes, genre, and city views. In Boston, Blaney sometimes painted at the Fenway Studios.20 He visited Bermuda often and drew artistic inspiration from there (e.g., his undated oil painting A House in Bermuda and watercolor Along the Waterfront, Hamilton, Bermuda). The family guest books reveal that a number of prominent artists visited Ironbound. Dwight’s brother-in-law Ross Turner and John Leslie Breck,21 4 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 who was also drawn to the Impressionism of Claude Monet, visited for up to 5 weeks on several occasions. Childe Hassam and his wife also visited with Turner and painted scenes of Ironbound Island.22 Blaney’s own compositions captured the artistic niceties of the island. His oil painting entitled Ironbound Island, Maine (1910) depicted a 19thcentury farmhouse (still standing today) against a backdrop of undulating hills. A watercolor entitled Shag Ledge, Ironbound Island, Maine (1897) captured a view of the island’s scenic shoreline. View from Ironbound Island to Frenchman Bay was created in 1902. This especially appealing oil painting displayed a beached canoe beside a boathouse with the bay beyond. A Cove on Ironbound Island was oil painted in 1908. The watercolor View Towards Gouldsboro from Ironbound Island was created in 1922. Blaney ceased painting after his wife Edith died in 1930, but from 1895 to 1930 his works were regularly exhibited. Color reproductions of some of Blaney’s Impressionist art are displayed in Blaney and Stelioes-Willis (2002). In 1921 and 1922, the Blaneys entertained John Singer Sargent, who encouraged Dwight to concentrate on his watercolors, which are said to represent some of his best work. In his own watercolor of this era entitled On the Verandah (Ironbound Island, Maine), Sargent showed Dwight relaxing on the porch of the Ironbound Island home surrounded by his wife and daughters who are diligently sewing. This home burned to the ground in Figure 2. Map of Maine’s Frenchman Bay, showing Ironbound Island, the summer retreat of the Blaneys. Modified from Blaney’s original plate in 1904c. 2009 R.I. Johnson 5 1944, but has been replaced by another. Sargent also painted (in oil) Blaney in The Artist Sketching (1922). Woods in Maine (1922) was also produced by Sargent while he visited the Blaneys on Ironbound Island.23 “On Mount Vernon Street,” wrote Blaney’s friend Henry Watson Kent,24 “life was led according to polite conventions, with art, music, friends, and a distinguished cuisine.” As for furnishings, Kent wrote that Blaney considered “all things as fish to his net ... in this eclecticism, he differed from some of the collectors we did know who concerned themselves with one branch of these arts at a time, furniture or silver chiefly.” According to his grandson Benjamin Blaney, Dwight “had a keen eye for craftsmanship and line, and he knew what was good and what he liked, despite being teased by family that he was filling his house with used furniture.” Blaney was also a collector of fine artwork. His Monet, one of the Haystacks series,25 was among the earliest French Impressionist paintings brought to the United States. When a select group of collectors of Americana formed the Walpole Society26 in Boston in 1910, before the Colonial Revival27 style popularized by Wallace Nutting,28 Blaney became one of its most active members. Over time, he amassed an extensive collection of antique furniture, silver, pewter, and decorative objects that filled all his dwellings. Upon his death in 1944, this heritage was left to his four remaining children: Margaret Hill Blaney (1898–1959), David (1902–1989), Elizabeth Hill Cram (1905–1995), and Richard (1907–1962). Son John (1900–1919) had died of tuberculosis, while son Robert (1903–1926) had been killed in a plane crash shortly after graduating from Harvard. After taking their share, the living children held a 3-day auction to dispose of the remaining items. Some of the finest pieces of Blaney’s furniture are now in the Henry Francis DuPont Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, DE. Other pieces are in Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts. Additional details about Blaney the Antique Collector, replete with photos of some of his choicest accumulations, are given in Stillinger (1980a, b). Blaney’s quirkiness is revealed in a story told by his son of a visit he and his father once made to the Museum of Fine Arts. Then an elderly man, Blaney grew tired by the tour through the galleries, so he removed the rope from a nearby chair and sat down. A guard came hurrying over and pointed out, sternly, that this was an antique chair, a museum piece, and was not to be sat on. “Why not?” retorted Blaney. “It’s my chair!” Blaney the malacologist Every spring, the Blaneys would set off for Ironbound Island with boxes, trunks, children, and maids on a vessel from the Eastern Steamship Company. After arriving, they would remain on the island until mid-September. Ironbound Island in Frenchman Bay is located between Bar Harbor on the west and Grindstone Neck on the east (Fig. 2), both then and still, fashionable resorts of the very rich. The simple farmhouse on Ironbound in which the Blaneys lived was furnished, not surprisingly, with American antiques. The guest books reveal a train of distinguished visitors of various persuasions to the Blaney retreat on Ironbound. Happily, these books were spared from 6 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 the conflagration that destroyed the Blaney house in 1944, as was Dwight’s studio, a photo of which can be seen in McLane (1989:147). In 1894, Blaney had bought a small lot and cottage at the eastern end of Ironbound Island, and he and Edith spent their first few summers there. Blaney had been introduced to the island by his friends, the Edgerley family of Brookline, MA, who owned a summer home on Ironbound. Blaney purchased the Edgerley home upon the death of its owner and remodeled it to suit the needs of his large family. Known affectionately as “Blarney Castle,” it was this house that was featured in Sargent’s painting On the Verandah. A photograph of Blarney Castle is reproduced in McLane (1989:149). Two other photos of interest, ca. 1915, shown in McLane (1989:150-151) are Blaney guests at an abandoned farm on Ironbound Island and the fall exodus of the Blaney family and staff while assembled at the island’s wharf. In addition to pursuing his painting, Blaney became an ardent malacologist. No doubt he was encouraged in this scientific pursuit by his friend Edward Sylvester Morse. Blaney’s guest books reveal that Morse made a number of visits to Ironbound Island. In what would be his last paper on mollusks (Morse 1919), Morse thanked the Blaneys for the use of their excellent laboratory on the island, where he was able to make drawings of living lamellibranch bivalves that had recently been dredged by Blaney from Frenchman Bay. Apparently, Dwight’s interest in mollusks extended to his wife Edith. After her death on December 8, 1930, a tribute appeared in the Register of the New England Historical and Genealogical Society, for which she served as an officer. She was remembered as being “well versed in music, literature, New England antiques, botany, and conchology (a subject in which she was especially well informed)” (Durrell 1931). Under the guidance of Morse, Blaney “ransacked all favorable situations” for land snails and tallied 23 species (Table 1), 19 from Ironbound Island and 4 from nearby areas (Blaney 1904b). Five of the species (Columella edentula, Vertigo bollesiana, Vertigo elatior, Nesovitrea electrina, and Striatura milium) were rare, while the others were common or abundant. Vertigo bollesiana, Vertigo ventricosa, Nesovitrea binneyana, Striatura ferrea, and Striatura milium had all been described as new species by a youthful Morse from other Maine localities (Champion 1947, Martin 2000). Finding Vertigo elatior was a surprise, because up to then this snail had only been reported from Ohio, Michigan, and Minnesota. It has since been found elsewhere in Maine, especially Aroostook County (Martin 2000, Nekola 2008). Although abundant, Pupilla muscorum was discovered in only one unusual location: perched 50 feet up on a rock pinnacle and beneath clam and mussel shells that had been left by crows. Blaney’s 1909 list of the terrestrial snails on Ironbound Island remains the definitive study for the island. Blaney also discovered two freshwater mollusks on Ironbound Island: the snail Stagnicola caperata and the fingernail clam Pisidium casertanum (Blaney 1904b). Blaney collected four terrestrial snail taxa outside of Ironbound. Strobilops labyrinthicus was found on Soward’s Island, Vitrina angelicae on Calf Island, Appalachina sayana on the mainland at Hancock Point (the 2009 R.I. Johnson 7 tip of Crabtree Neck), and Cepaea hortensis on Little Duck Island (Blaney 1904b). The latter snail is prized for its beauty. Its colors range from all yellow to all reddish-brown, with banded forms in between. In America, this snail occurs from Newfoundland to Nantucket, but most commonly on isolated, uninhabited islands near the coast (Martin 2000, Pilsbry 1939). Little Duck Island, for example, is 8 miles south of Mount Desert. Blaney’s malacological patron, Edward Morse (1838–1925), published the first work on the land shells of Maine (Morse 1864); it was illustrated with his own sketches. While a student at the Bethel Academy, Morse discovered his first new snail species, now called Planogyra astericus, that was described in 1857. As a youth, Morse was a student assistant of famed Table 1. Terrestrial snails collected on Frenchman Bay Islands by Dwight Blaney. If, in a scientific name, the author and date are in parentheses, then the author originally described the species in another genus. The classification is based on Vaught (1989) and Turgeon et al. (1998); common names are taken from the latter. # = described as a new species by Edward Sylvester Morse at some other Maine locality; see Champion (1947) and Martin (2000). All of the snails were found by Blaney on Ironbound Island except for those marked * (see text for other locations). Scientific name Common name SUBCLASS PULMONATA ORDER STYLOMMATOPHORA FAMILY PUPILLIDAE Columella edentula (Draparnaud, 1805) Toothless Column Pupilla muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758) Widespread Column # Vertigo bollesiana (Morse, 1865) Delicate Vertigo # Vertigo ventricosa (Morse, 1865) Five-tooth Vertigo FAMILY STROBILOPSIDAE * Strobilops labyrinthicus (Say, 1817) Maze Pinecone FAMILY PUNTIDAE Punctum minutissimum (Lea, 1841) Small Spot FAMILY HELICODISCIDAE Helicodiscus parallelus (Say, 1817) Compound Coil FAMILY DISCIDAE Anguispira alternata (Say, 1817) Flamed Tigersnail Discus whitneyi (Newcombe, 1864) Forest Disc FAMILY SUCCINEIDAE Euconulus fulvus (Müller, 1774) Brown Hive FAMILY VITRINIDAE * Vitrina angelicae Beck, 1837 Eastern Glass-snail FAMILY ZONITIDAE # Nesovitrea binneyana (Morse, 1864) Blue Glass Nesovitrea electrina (Gould, 1841) Amber Glass Striatura exigua (Stimpson, 1850) Ribbed Striate # Striatura ferrea Morse, 1864 Black Striate # Striatura milium (Morse, 1859) Fine-ribbed Striate Zonitoides arboreus (Say, 1817) Quick Gloss FAMILY POLYGYRIDAE * Appalachina sayana (Pilsbry, 1906) Spike-lip Crater Euchemotrema fraternum (Say, 1824) Upland Pillsnail FAMILY HELICIDAE * Cepaea hortensis (Müller, 1774) White-lip Gardensnail 8 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 Louis Agassiz at Harvard College. While still youthful, he became Curator of the Portland Society of Natural History. After that institution was destroyed in Portland’s Great Fire of 1866, Morse became Curator of the newly formed Peabody Museum in Salem, MA. Later he served as the first Professor of Zoology of the Imperial University in Tokyo, where he introduced the Japanese to Western ideals of education and innovative research, including Darwinian evolution. He also initiated the first marine laboratory in Japan. Morse parlayed his university position to become the foremost collector of Japanese pottery. His fine collection was eventually acquired by the Boston Museum of Fine Arts. Upon returning to the states, Morse served as Director of the Peabody Museum until his death. His modest gravesite in Salem is still regularly visited by Japanese admirers. For more on Morse, see Martin (1995b). Since 1901, Blaney had been interested in searching for the marine mollusks around his island in Frenchman Bay. Most of his specimens were obtained by dredging, although he also collected shells along shore. He wrote colloquially about dredging (Blaney 1904a): ... with the tide nearly at low-water mark, we start off in a small scow in tow of our fifty-foot steamer. A calm day is to be preferred, as the labor is much reduced, a rough sea making it very uncomfortable in the pitching scow. The scow is fitted with seats, and gives us plenty of room to coil the 100 fathoms of rope, places for pails, tubs and sieves, with safe corners for glass jars of sea water. We usually dredge in what we know as good fishing-ground, as more shells are found in such places, though all kinds of bottom are tried. … we look forward with no little anticipation to the hauling up of the dredge. In 1906b, Blaney added: ... dredging for shells ... is full of surprises—and suggests untold possibilities in the way of new discoveries. One never knows what treasures will be in the next haul, and the most discouraging day still leaves us with enthusiasm for the next trip. ... each trip always yields us something of interest. Any day we may come upon a colony of some species we have looked upon as rare—and the next haul the dredge may disclose fine live specimens of species previously thought dead. Blaney’s serious marine collecting efforts linked him with those of such early malacologists as Jesse Wedgwood Mighels, William Stimpson, John White Chickering, Charles Fuller, Addison Emery Verrill, Alpheus Spring Packard, and John Sterling Kingsley, all of whom dredged for mollusks in Maine’s waters (Martin 1995a). Much of the early efforts focused on Casco Bay. Blaney’s study of the marine Mollusca in Frenchman Bay was reported in five papers (Blaney 1904a, 1904c, 1906a, 1906b, 1909). His species lists of marine and terrestrial mollusks formed an integral part of Norman Wallace Lermond’s Shells of Maine: A Catalogue of the Land, Fresh-water, and Marine Mollusca of Maine (Lermond 1908) and of Charles Willison Johnson’s Fauna of New England: List of the Mollusca (Johnson 1915). In 1841, Mighels and Adams described 24 new species of New England mollusks, most of them marine.29 Some of these shells had been extracted from the stomachs of haddock that had been caught in Casco Bay. In addition 2009 R.I. Johnson 9 to making about 100 hauls of the dredge, Blaney also turned to haddock stomachs to supplement his molluscan records. Dwight’s first paper (Blaney 1904a) on the mollusks of Frenchman Bay listed chiton, gastropod, and bivalve species as well as the scaphopod Antales entale stimpsoni (named for William Stimpson). The meticulous care that went into his collecting effort is detailed. The hard work reaped other rewards. Live specimens of the sea scallop Placopecten magellanicus were set aside for eating. In 1904c, Blaney published a list of 127 species and 5 varieties of mollusks, arranged according to Dall (1889), that had been collected in Frenchman Bay during the summers of 1901–1904 by dredging and shoreline survey (including tidepools). Most of the specimens had been collected alive, but in one lot of 10 haddock stomachs, some 38 species were found. In addition to Edward Morse, Blaney thanked William Healey Dall of the United States National Museum, Addison Verrill and Katharine Jeannette Bush of Yale’s Peabody Museum, and Charles Johnson of the Boston Society of Natural History for their aid in identifications. For each species, Blaney provided intricate detail about the habitat and noted if the animal was common or rare. Dwight added new species to his list with three additional papers (Blaney 1906a, 1906b, 1909) and then appears to have concluded his sojourn with dredging. In 1906a, he reported his discovery of a chiton that was described as a new species, Tonicella blaneyi, by Dall (1905a,b). Ferreira (1982) believed that T. blaneyi represented a deformed specimen of the more common T. marmorea, a conclusion supported by Kaas and Van Belle (1985). However, T. blaneyi is still treated as a valid taxon in the Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca (Rosenberg 2005). This database is currently the most comprehensive listing of Western Atlantic mollusks; its composition and usefulness have been described by Rosenberg (1993). In the years 1903–1905, Blaney collected 7 nudibranch species (Appendix 1), either by dredging in the Frenchman Bay area or by tidepool surveillance (mostly on Ironbound Island). Specimens were sent to nudibranch specialist Francis Noyes Balch for identification, but the information was never published. We know of these records from Dwight’s sketches and notes in the possession of his grandson Benjamin Blaney (pers. comm., 18 March 2009). In his 1909 paper, Blaney reported the discovery of a new gastropod, which was named Bela blaneyi after him by Bush (1909), but now is called Oenopota blaneyi (Turgeon et al. 1998). Blaney (1909) also described a series of morphological variants of a related gastropod, Curtitoma decussata, which he dredged off Egg Rock Island. In all, Blaney dredged 12 taxa of the small, beautifully ornamented turrid shells from the waters of Frenchman Bay (Appendix 1). According to Johnson (1915), 13 of the marine mollusks collected by Blaney were new finds for Maine waters. They were the chiton Tonicella blaneyi; the bivalves Astarte striata (= Astarte montagui), Axinopsis 10 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 orbiculata inequalis (= Axinopsida orbiculata), Liocyma fluctuosa, and the shipworm Teredo nana (= Psiloteredo megotara) [from driftwood]; and the gastropods Alvania multilineata (= Oboba aculeus), Polinices groenlandica (= Euspira pallida), Bela decussata pusilla (= Curitoma decussata), Bela blaneyi (= Oenopota blaneyi), Bela scalaris (= Propebela scalaris), and Philine lima (see Appendix 1). Sixty-seven other species were previously known to occur in Maine only in Casco Bay. Records from a political area such as Maine no longer command much more than historic interest, since most present studies deal with entire groups from defined faunal areas (e.g., Trott [2004]). Nevertheless, details of a given locale such as the Frenchman Bay that Blaney studied are still of value. A list of the marine mollusks collected by Blaney in Frenchman Bay is provided in Appendix 1. The taxa used by Blaney have been updated to modern nomenclature. Some forms considered as unique by Blaney have been synonymized with other species. However, if a Blaney discovery is still accorded species status in the Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca (Rosenberg 2005), it appears in Appendix 1 as a separate taxon. This is the case, for example, with the chiton Hanleya mendicaria, which is considered to be a junior synonym of Hanleya hanleya by Kaas and Van Belle (1985). In addition to Hanleya mendicaria, Mighels and Adams (1841) described as new to science the bivalve Nucula delphinodonta and the gastropods Calliostoma occidentale, Curitoma violacea, and Oenopota cancellata that they collected in Casco Bay. Mighels (1843) added to this list with his discovery of Astarte portlandica and Odostomia sulcosa from the same region. Blaney dredged all of these species from Frenchman Bay (Appendix 1). He also found the snail Onoba mighelsi, named after Mighels by William Stimpson. Another Blaney discovery in Frenchman Bay was the bivalve Cyclocardia novangliae, first described as a new species by Blaney’s friend, Edward Morse (Morse 1869). Blaney’s marine mollusk collection comprised 149 species, including 6 chitons, 62 bivalves, 2 scaphopods, and 79 gastropods (Appendix 1). Morse (1921) reported “Mr. Dwight Blaney has made a number of drawings with notes and descriptions of mollusca dredged in Frenchman’s Bay, Maine. These drawings are very fine and many of them are of species I have not seen alive. It is hoped that he will prepare this material for publication.” None of Blaney’s malacological artwork ever appeared. During August 1913, Prince Albert Ier de Monaco,30 one of the greatest oceanographers of his day (he maintained two large vessels afloat for deep sea dredging operations), was on board his 350-foot steam yacht l’Hirondelle II in Canadian and American waters. He must have created quite a sensation in nearby Bar Harbor when he stopped to visit his fellow oceanographer, Dwight Blaney, on Ironbound Island before receiving honors in New York City and then repairing to Cody, WY to meet the frontiersman and showman Buffalo Bill (Albert Ier 1998). Prince Albert was winding down his illustrious oceanographic career, which culminated in four scientific cruises to the Arctic in 1898, 1899, 1906, and 1907 (Carpine-Lancre and Barr 2008). 2009 R.I. Johnson 11 Blaney the paleontologist and archaeologist In 1916, Blaney and Frederic Brewster Loomis collaborated on a paper that compared the differences in the molluscan fauna found in the Pleistocene Leda clays from Goose Cove on the southern end of Mount Desert Island with the recent forms in Frenchman Bay, only 10 miles away, that were apparently caused by the change in water temperature (Blaney and Loomis 1916). The clays formed a bed from below low tide to about 20 feet above high tide, indicating a change in both land and sea level over geologic time. These marine clays were later described by Perkins (1927), who provided a map of southern Maine that showed the distribution of the clays and the amount of post-Pleistocene uplift. The work of Blaney and Loomis may have inspired Edward Morse to conduct his study of fossil shells in the Pleistocene clays near Boston (Morse 1920). Frederic Loomis (1873–1937) obtained his bachelor’s degree from Amherst College in 1896. After completing his doctorate in Germany, he returned to Amherst as a biology and geology professor for the remainder of his life. He specialized in fossil mammals. Commencing in 1903, Loomis undertook 15 field trips to the American West, where he was in the vanguard of the fossil horse discoveries. His popular book, The Evolution of the Horse (1926), described this effort. In 1911, Loomis took two students and a cook to Patagonia near the tip of South America for a summer of fossil hunting, no doubt inspired by Charles Darwin’s paleontological discoveries in that foreboding landscape. Here they discovered a magnificent skull of the elephant-like ungulate Pyrothecium (“Fire Beast”), which lived during the Oligocene. A cast of this skull was made for New York’s American Museum of Natural History, but the original is displayed at Amherst, alongside the fossilized dinosaur footprints found in the Connecticut River Valley by another Amherst geologist, Edward Hitchcock. Loomis wrote two books about the Patagonia experience: Hunting Extinct Animals in the Patagonian Pampas (1913) and The Deseado Formation of Patagonia (1914). Two other popular works were his Field Book of Common Rocks and Minerals (1923), which included 47 color photographs, and Physiography of the United States (1937). Loomis’ publications numbered about 75 titles. His Papers now reside in the Amherst Library. Famed vertebrate comparative anatomist Alfred Romer was a humanities major at Amherst when he took Loomis’ evolution course as an elective and had his life charted in a different direction. Years later he would write a testimonial to Loomis (Romer 1939). Of the 13 molluscan species found by Blaney and Loomis at Goose Cove, five of the bivalves—Nuculana minuta, Nuculana pernula, Mya truncata, Astarte elliptica, and Astarte laurentiana—that were common as fossils were not found living in Frenchman Bay. The noted geologist Charles Lyell, whose Principles of Geology (Volume 1) had been taken by Charles Darwin on the voyage of the Beagle, made his first trip to North America in 1842. In an account of his travels (Lyell 1845), he listed 19 mollusks that he found in the Pleistocene clays of Beauport near Quebec, Canada, including Astarte laurentiana, which he described as a new species. This mollusk, which by 12 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 this name was known from Maine only as a fossil, has now been equated with Astarte montagui in the Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca (Rosenberg 2005). Chlamys islandica, the most abundant and well-preserved fossil mollusk found by Blaney and Loomis at Goose Bay, occurred rarely in Frenchman Bay and then only as dead shells. On the other hand, several other species rare as fossils were fairly common as living species in Frenchman Bay. An example of the latter was Modiolus modiolus. Thus, while warming seas seem to have caused some species to become extinct in their southern ranges, others moved in. Blaney and Loomis called attention to the fact that the Goose Bay fossil fauna most closely resembled that of New Brunswick. Titus (1910) reported that both Blaney and Loomis had dug in the numerous shell middens left by various Indian tribes over thousands of years along the Maine coast. The discoveries of Loomis were recounted in Loomis and Young (1912). Blaney never wrote a formal paper on his midden work, but Titus (1910) related that Blaney had “a queer find, consisting of a hollow wing bone of a goose with four or five holes, apparently a kind of prehistoric flute. No sound can be made with it now, but if it were not so fragile, with a wooden plug, a sound might quite likely be produced.” Somehow it seems appropriate that workmen digging for a foundation at “Blaney Point” (not actually named for Dwight) on Cousins Island in Casco Bay dug through a shell midden and discovered the skeleton of a young man with a sword, presumed to have been a soldier in the French and Indian War. Epilogue Blaney’s interest in mollusks after his 1916 paper with Loomis is unknown. The Boston Society of Natural History was established in 1830. After going through several temporary facilities, in 1863 the Society constructed its own building in Boston’s Back Bay. During 1914, it limited its collecting interests to New England and was renamed the New England Museum of Natural History. Some of Blaney’s shells were acquired by this institution. By the time of Blaney’s death in 1944, the institute had evolved into the current Museum of Science, and its natural history collections were dispersed. Blaney’s mollusk specimens, which consisted of a small number of lots (a lot being any number of specimens of the same species collected from the same locality on a given date), was acquired by Harvard’s Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ). In 1945, Blaney’s personal shell collection of 293 lots was presented to the MCZ by his heirs. Blaney had previously given three species of Vertigo land snails from Maine (see Table 1) to the Academy of Sciences of Philadelphia (Anonymous 1902) and some 300 shells dredged near Mount Desert Island to the United States National Museum (Anonymous 1904). When Robert Abbe31 began a Stone Age Museum in Lafayette (now Acadia) National Park in 1927, Blaney donated much of his Maine Native American artifacts collection to it. According to his grandson, Benjamin Blaney (pers. comm., 3/26/2007 and 4/12/2008), the house on Ironbound Island burned down in 1944 just 6 2009 R.I. Johnson 13 months after Dwight’s death. It was replaced by a log cabin. Two cabinets of Dwight’s natural history holdings are still extant, but they are not extensive. There is a shell cabinet in Dwight’s studio that also contains bird’s eggs, skins, and nests, and also some butterflies and moths. A second cabinet of Native American artifacts (potsherds, arrowheads, animal bones, etc.) was in the main house and was tipped over end to end to “rescue” it from the fire. Unfortunately, these materials were separated from their documentation, and “everything that was breakable was broken.” The present location of Sargent’s On the Verandah is unknown, but The Artist Sketching is currently in a private collection on loan to the Rhode Island School of Design in Providence. Some of Blaney’s personal paintings are still held by the family, while others are retained by art galleries around the country. Some of his paintings regularly appear in Davenport’s Art Reference and Price Guide (Moneta and Davenport 2007). The Dwight Blaney Papers (1883–1930) consist of about 8 linear feet of material that reposes in the Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution; some of the notabilia is microfilmed. The Papers are described as consisting of “letters, sketches, sketchbooks, notebooks, scrapbook on John Singer Sargent, photographs, glass negatives, and printed materials.”32 Dwight and his wife Edith, together with five of their six children, are buried on Ironbound Island in the family graveyard. Ironbound remains a central focus point for Dwight’s four grandchildren, 17 great grandchildren, and 22 great great grandchildren. Scientific Publications of Dwight Blaney 1884. Butterflies of eastern United States, no. I. The Naturalist in Florida 1(2):6. 1885. Butterflies of eastern United States, no. II. The Naturalist in Florida 1(5):3. 1904a. Shell collecting days at Frenchman’s Bay. The Nautilus 17(10):109–111. 1904b. The land-shells of Ironbound Island, Maine. The Nautilus 18(4):45–46. 1904c. List of shell-bearing Mollusca of Frenchman’s Bay, Maine. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, 32(2):23–41, pl. 1. 1906a. Shell-bearing Mollusca of Frenchman’s Bay, Maine. The Nautilus 19(10): 110–111. 1906b. Dredging in Frenchman’s Bay, Maine. The Nautilus 19(11):128–130. 1909. List of shells from Frenchman’s Bay, Maine. The Nautilus 23(5):62–63. 1916. A Pleistocene locality on Mt. Desert Island, Maine. American Journal of Science (4th Series) 42(252):399–401. (F.B. Loomis, second author). Marine Mollusks Named for Dwight Blaney Tonicella blaneyi Dall. 1905. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 18:203–204, no fig. The Nautilus 19(8):88, pl. 4, fig. Dredged in 20 fms off Ironbound Island, Frenchman Bay, near Mount Desert Island, Maine in September 1905. Holotype (only specimen), USNM 185504, in United States National Museum (now National Museum of Natural History). Currently assigned to Tonicella marmorea (Fabricius, 1780). Bela blaneyi Bush. 1909. The Nautilus 23(5):61, fig. 1. From south of Egg Rock Island buoy, in about 30 fms, from mud and gravel, Frenchman Bay, Maine. 14 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 Figured holotype and paratype (the only specimens), both YPM 15808, in Peabody Museum, Yale University, New Haven, CT. Now Oenopota blaneyi (Bush, 1909). William Procter Floating on a bar of soap William Procter (1872–1951) (Fig. 3) was the second of four children born to Harley Thomas and Mary Elizabeth Sanford Procter. He was born in Cincinnati, OH, the “Queen City of the West,” on September 8, 1872. Procter’s grandfather, also named William, had emigrated to Cincinnati from England. He had intended to move farther west when he met James Gamble from Ireland who had the same intention, but circumstances precluded the movement of both men. Procter was a candle maker, and Gamble apprenticed himself to a soap maker. The two men married sisters, Olivia and Elizabeth Norris, and their father-in-law Alexander Norris convinced them to become business partners. In 1837, the two men began making and selling soap and candles under the name of Procter & Gamble. During the Civil War, they received contracts to supply the Union Army with both products. Their factory of 80 employees was kept busy day and night, and the company’s reputation grew as soldiers returned home with Procter & Gamble products and continued to use them. In 1878, James Norris Gamble, a son of the founder and a trained chemist, developed in a makeshift laboratory an inexpensive white soap that was equal in quality to imported European castiles, soaps that were too costly for the average American to buy. According to urban legend, which has Figure 3. William Procter (1872–1951) in front of his Penikese Laboratory at Salisbury Cove. 1940 photograph by Charles Paul Alexander and from his Papers (Cox 1979). 2009 R.I. Johnson 15 recently been disputed (Mikkelson 2007), a workman failed to shut off the soap-making machine when he went to lunch, and upon his return, he found the soap mixture puffed up and frothy. After consultation with the supervisor, the decision was made to finish and ship the soap since the ingredients had probably not been altered by the longer mixing time. Soon thereafter, customers clammored for more of the “floating soap” that, because of air entrapment, always popped to the water’s surface. It was William Procter’s father Harley who made Ivory Soap a household name. He was the energetic and foresightful sales manager of Procter & Gamble at the time. While attending church service, Harley’s attention was piqued when the minister read a Bible passage alluding to “out of the ivory palaces” (Psalms 45:8). The next day, he convinced his associates to name the new product Ivory Soap instead of the blasé “white soap” that they had intended. In 1882, he further persuaded the partners to spend $11,000 for an aggressive advertising campaign. A chemical analysis of Ivory revealed that it contained only 0.56% impurities. Marketed with the slogans “99 and 44/100% pure” and “It floats!,” Ivory Soap made Procter & Gamble a fortune, and Harley became one of the great pioneers in the advertising world.33 Entering the Gilded Age Harley Procter’s advertising savy and salesmanship continued to bolster Procter & Gamble. He also served the company briefly as second vice president (1890–1895) and as a member of the Board of Directors (until 1906). Then, to the dismay of his business associates, Harley at age 43 made good on a promise to his wife that he would retire early with ample funds to ensure a good life. He moved his wife and family to the Northeast. There he commingled for the rest of his life with America’s affluent and enjoyed the amenities that characterized the Gilded Age of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Harley acquired a mansion home in Manhattan, another in Greenwich, CT, and became a seasonal resident of the Berkshire Mountains in western Massachusetts and of Bar Harbor in Maine. In 1912, Harley built a mansion on Walker Street in Lenox, MA that he named Orleton. He instructed the architect to make it “look like a bar of Ivory Soap.” Rectangular and painted white, the home was not quite big enough to be whimsically called a “cottage” as were some of the 75 other mansions already constructed in the Berkshires by the wealthy elite during the Gilded Age. Coming full circle as a student William Procter spent much of his boyhood in both the Berkshires and Bar Harbor. No doubt both places stimulated his interest in natural history. He was sent as a boarding student to the prestigious Phillips Exeter Academy at Exeter, NH that had been founded in 1781. He graduated in 1891 and then matriculated to Yale University, where he earned a Ph.B. degree in 1894, having majored in business and chemistry.34 During the next 2 years, William traveled around the world, stopping in Paris to become a graduate student at 16 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 the Sorbonne in 1896–1897. For the next 20 years, he was an active co-owner of Procter & Borden, a successful Manhattan securities firm, organized in 1902, which specialized in railroad reorganization. He also served on the Board of Directors of Procter & Gamble. Like his father, William knew how to make money. It was not until Procter was 38 that he married Emily Pearson Bodstein on February 3, 1910. A daughter of Frederick William and Julia Northall Bodstein, she was a distinguished musician and French scholar. Although childless, the marriage was a happy one. Commencing in 1917, William gradually relinquished his business interests. With his wife’s encouragement,35 he began graduate studies in zoology at Columbia University, continuing until 1920, but without seeking a higher degree. He was especially interested in genetics, embryology, and protozoology. At the time, the Zoology Department at Columbia was blessed with several elites in these fields. At the forefront of genetics research was Thomas Hunt Morgan (1866–1945), whose pioneering research on the fast-breeding fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster revealed that discrete genes reside at loci on chromosomes, earning him a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1933.36 One of Morgan’s gifted students was undergraduate Alfred Henry Sturtevant (1891–1970), who in 1913 determined that the genes of Drosophila were arranged on chromosomes in a linear fashion. Sturtevant was a Columbia professor when Procter studied there. Another Procter professor was Edmund Beecher Wilson (1856–1939). He had brought Morgan to Columbia and was himself both an embryologist and a geneticist. Because of his famous book The Cell in Development and Heredity, Wilson is heralded as America’s first cell biologist. Another embryologist at Columbia when Procter studied there was Alfred Francis Huettner (1882–1955). His opus was the text Fundamentals of Comparative Embryology of the Vertebrates. Finally, Procter was influenced by Gary Nathan Calkins (1869–1943), who held at Columbia the first professorship of protozoology in the United States. In 1902, Calkins prepared a catalog of marine protozoa observed at Woods Hole, MA. When Procter left Columbia in 1920, he certainly had been well schooled. William’s personal fortune was enhanced upon the death in 1921 of his father Harley, who left an estate worth $3,500,000 (Anonymous 1921). Harley’s wife received a hefty trust fund and the home in Manhattan. William and his two siblings each got $648,874. Depending on the economic parameters used, that would be worth about $7.5–121.7 million today (Williamson 2008). Mimicking his dad, William now “retired” (at age 49) to experience his own Gilded Age.37 Off to Bar Harbor By 1921, William Procter and his wife had become perennial summer residents of Bar Harbor. They acquired Corfield Cottage38 along Eden Street. This was one of the local mansions that had been built during the Gilded Age. By 1940, many of Bar Harbor’s lavish cottages had been sold or were 2009 R.I. Johnson 17 left vacant, their gardens untended and overgrown. In October 1947, a massive forest fire raged across Mount Desert Island and struck the outskirts of Bar Harbor, destroying one-third of the more than 200 cottages of the rich (Spiegel 1947a,b). While the conflagration destroyed a number of cottages along Eden Street, and jumped the road to level several more near shore (Kluckhohn 1947, Spiegel 1947b), the Procters’ Corfield Cottage was spared (Anonymous 1947). Malacologist of Mount Desert Procter’s postgraduate education at Columbia inspired him to devote the remainder of his life to biology. In 1921 at Salisbury Cove on Mount Desert Island, he established his own research station, which he named Penikese39 (Fig. 3), that was 5 miles west of his home. Initially, Procter interacted with personnel of the Mount Desert Island Biological Laboratory (MDIBL). Founded at Bar Harbor in 1898, the MDIBL had removed to Salisbury Cove, also in 1921, on land donated by the Wild Gardens of Acadia.40 Various disagreements led to Procter’s withdrawal from this group and to his building a larger laboratory on his estate at Corfield. He subsequently assumed the title of “Director, Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region.” The prodigious amount of data accumulated by Procter and his associates would be published in Volumes 1–4 (Parts I–VII) of the Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region between 1927 and 1946 (see “Scientific Publications of William Procter” at the end of this text).41 Although Procter’s main interest would become insects, between 1926 and 1932 his laboratory was also devoted to the marine fauna of the region. Initial survey work had been performed in conjunction with the MDIBL (Dahlgren 1925). Some 153 dredging stations were established in Frenchman Bay and also in Blue Hill Bay (i.e., Somes Sound as well as some sites among the Cranberry Isles). There also were 50 shore stations. Procter’s research vessel, the Lophius,42 was over 55 feet in length with a 12-foot beam and a drawing of 3–4 inches. It was powered by a Sterling Chevron engine and was especially adapted for dredging, unlike Blaney’s steam yacht. The Lophius was commissioned in 1929 “and proved of great service to the survey. The boat crew are men of experience and skill in the waters of Mount Desert. The mapping of stations, the identification of forms found at the various stations, the water temperature at varying levels and many other data have been systematically recorded and card catalogued” (Anonymous 1929). Procter took pride that he was the sole author of the section on mollusks (Part V) in Volume 2 of his Biological Survey. His thorough species descriptions included collecting locales, ecological data, and references to the literature. Equating his finds with modern nomenclature and synonymy, Procter’s list of 137 molluscan species included 5 chitons, 52 bivalves, 2 scaphopods, 77 gastropods (including 9 nudibranchs), and 1 cephalopod (Appendix 1). Procter only reported on specimens taken alive, as he had seen people on too many boats throw overboard shells at sundry locations that differed in substrates and depths. There are two lists of the marine 18 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 mollusks collected by Procter: Procter (1933) and Mittelhauser and Kelly (2007). While the registers are similar, Mytilus edulis pellucidus, Spisula solidissima, Aporrhais occidentalis mainensis, Propebela rugulata, and Turbonilla nivea occur only in Procter (1933), while Moelleria costulata and an unidentified nudibranch, Flabellina sp., are unique to Mittelhauser and Kelly (2007). Procter based his molluscan classification on Johnson (1915). Charles W. Johnson, a confidant of both Blaney and Procter, helped William with molluscan identifications when he visited Johnson at the Boston Society of Natural History. Procter also thanked his Ironbound Island neighbor, Dwight Blaney, “whose kindness in furnishing me with type [typical] specimens of Mollusca saved me many hours of work.” In 13 summers of collecting, Blaney and Procter together recorded 159 marine mollusks from Frenchman Bay and environs, of which 126 (79.3%) were identical finds (Appendix 1, excluding the 3 “fossil only” species found by Blaney and Loomis). By contrast, 184 marine mollusks have been recorded from Maine’s Cobscook Bay over a 162-year period (Trott 2004). As thorough as both investigators were, it is surprising that only Blaney found the tiny Gemma gemma, while Procter alone collected the bulky Spisula solidissima (Appendix 1). The former inhabits the sandy intertidal, but it is not ubiquitous. Procter dredged only one specimen of S. solidissima, from 10 fms in Newport Cove, but he reported that specimens were commonly harvested for food from the western coves of Mount Desert Island. At Clark Cove, on the northwest side of Mount Desert, Procter (1929) reported finding only two specimens of the edible Mercenaria merceneria, one in 1927 and another in 1928. Procter collected two molluscan variants that were not on Blaney’s list: the bivalve Mytilus edulis pellucidus and the snail Aporrhais occidentalis mainensis (Appendix 1). The former is a brown-colored form of the much more common bluish-black Mytilus edulis and probably represents a microenvironmental or genetic variety. Aporrhais occidentalis mainensis had originally been dredged in 5–6 fms off Mount Desert’s Northeast Harbor by Charles Wendell Townsend and was described as a new variety by Johnson (1926, 1930). Procter also took his specimens of var. mainensis from the Northeast Harbor region (Procter 1933). This variant differs in having 14 axial ribs instead of the 22–25 of the typical form, but specimens intergrade (Abbott 1974, Johnson 1930). Procter also collected 9 nudibranchs and 1 cephalopod during his dredging operations. The cephalopod was the octopus Bathypolypus arcticus that had been dredged in about 40 fms off Ironbound Island. Procter made three collections of a nudibranch that was identified only as Coryphella (= Flabellina) sp. (Appendix 1). This discovery is of interest because Kuzirian (1979) reported an unidentified deepwater coryphellid nudibranch from the Gulf of Maine, as did Bleakney (1996) from Scots Bay, NS, Canada, off the Bay of Fundy. Apparently, Alan D. Shepard photographed this same undescribed nudibranch in waters off Eastport, ME (Rudman 2004). Did Procter trump 2009 R.I. Johnson 19 them all by finding this new species first? This mystery remains to be solved by a nudibranch specialist. The limpets Tectura testudinalis and Lottia alveus alveus were collected by both Blaney and Procter (Appendix 1). The taxonomy of these mollusks is problematic and caused fits for Johnson (1928). Earlier investigators regarded the two animals as separate species (Jackson 1907, Morse 1910). Tectura testudinalis was grayish with irregular brownish streaks and was oval shaped; it adhered to the underside of rocks. Lottia alveus alveus was thinner, elongate, heavily mottled, and attached itself to the blades of Zostera marina L. (Eelgrass or Seawrack). Morse (1910) could discern no difference in the embryology of the two species, suggesting synonymy, and to Abbott (1974), alveus was merely an ecological variant of T. testudinalis. While Morse (1910, 1921) accepted calling the extremes of the two limpets separate taxa, intergrades certainly occurrred, and he wondered if the Eelgrass form might be evolving away from the wild type. Furthermore, it can be argued that the morphological differences between the two limpets as elaborated by Jackson (1907) and Carlton et al. (1991) are rather subtle. Both Blaney and Procter found L. alveus alveus under rocks, and Procter collected T. testudinalis on eelgrass (Jackson 1907, Morse 1910, Procter 1933). Procter (1933) was convinced that the two mollusks were identical taxonomically. He sent Johnson 80 specimens from both rocks and eelgrass that represented the extremes as well as intergrades. Johnson (1929) reported the data without drawing any conclusions. To add to the confusion, Carlton et al. (1991), after scouring coastal Eelgrass populations from New England to Atlantic Canada for L. alveus alveus and not finding it, concluded that this mollusk represented “the first historical extinction of a marine invertebrate in an ocean basin.” They stated that the “last known specimens were collected in 1929 [an obvious reference to Procter], immediately prior to the catastrophic decline [due to disease] of Zostera in the early 1930s in the North Atlantic Ocean.” So is L. alveus alveus really extinct, or is this a molluscan equivalent of beak variation in Darwin’s finches in which a favored morphological form (i.e., that of T. testudinalis) has been selected as a consequence of changing environmental conditions? Biological honors Procter’s biological discoveries are still valuable today because his collections are largely intact and his research notes were so meticulous. He became thoroughly familiar with the supporting literature, and he worked with specialists who could help him. Procter’s labor attracted the biology staff at the University of Montreal, and after passing an examination, he was awarded the degree of Docter of Science on May 29, 1936 (Anonymous 1936). Thereafter, he was frequently referred to as “Dr. Procter.” Procter was a member of many scientific societies, both in America and abroad (Anonymous 1960). Often his membership was more than casual. Returning to Columbia University, he served on the advisory board of the Zoology Department. He was on the managing board of the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology in Philadelphia. Wistar would publish his books 20 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 on Mount Desert Island biology. Procter was also a trustee of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. In its annual report of 1938, the American Museum recorded, “It is a pleasure to note the publication by one of our trustees, Dr. William Procter, of the results of his long continued study of the insect fauna of Mt. Desert Island, Maine” (this was Part VI of his Biological Survey) (Anonymous 1938). Also in 1938, the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia elected Procter as a research associate in marine biology because of his summer forays in the Mount Desert bays (Anonymous 1928). From 1940 to 1947, Procter served on the editorial board of the Entomological Society of America. His financial contributions to that group allowed the Society to publish its Annals with little reduction in size. Memorable bequests Procter’s beloved wife Emily died at Bar Harbor on September 25, 1949 (Anonymous 1949). William died soon thereafter at his winter home in West Palm Beach, flon April 19, 1951. His will bequeathed “$300,000 in cash to friends, employees, and institutions” and "forgives all those who borrowed money from him" (Anonymous 1951b). Obituaries for Procter appropriately appeared in the New York Times (Anonymous 1951a), in two insect journals, Entomological News (Alexander 1951) and The Coleopterists’ Bulletin (Arnett 1952), and because of his lifetime membership in the Ornithologists’ Union, The Auk (Schorger 1952).43 The remains of both William and Emily repose in the Ledgelawn Cemetery at Bar Harbor, their adopted home (Vining 2000). Procter had been elected to the Society of Sigma Xi44 at Columbia University in 1939 (Anonymous 1939). In 1947, Sigma Xi organized the Scientific Research Society of America, called RESA, to aid research workers in industrial and governmental laboratories and in academia. Procter’s generous contributions helped to keep RESA afloat financially. His bequest of $100,000 to Sigma Xi was used to establish the William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement (Prentice 1955). The prize today consists of a certificate, a Steuben glass sculpture, and $5000 (Anonymous 2008). The first prize was awarded in 1950 and has been bestowed annually ever since.45 The William Procter Papers are housed in the Yale University Library, having been donated by Procter in 1951, just before his death. According to Gertz (1983), the papers include “records of laboratory and field observations of invertebrates, principally protozoa and various worms, with a notebook of mounted drawings of protozoa. Letters, newspaper clippings on non-scientific matters, and several poems are also in the papers.” Procter bequeathed his extensive insect collection and associated notes to the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, MA. In 1999, the collection was returned to Mount Desert Island and now resides in the William Otis Sawtelle Collections and Research Center46 of Acadia National Park, with the University of Massachusetts retaining ownership (Schreiber 2007). Also housed in the Sawtelle Collections is Procter’s marine fauna collection 2009 R.I. Johnson 21 (Gawley 2006), including nearly all the mollusks of his 1933 listing (Mittelhauser and Kelly 2007). Alexander (1951) befittingly extolled his friend William Procter when he wrote, “The detailed record of the fauna of his beloved Island will long serve as his monument.”47 Scientific Publications of William Procter 1927. Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Part I: The Insect Fauna. By Charles Willison Johnson. 247 pp, 1 fig. 1928. Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Part II: Fishes, a Contribution to the Life-history of the angler (Lophius piscatorius). By William Procter, Charles H. Blake, Henry C. Tracy, J.E. Morrison, Edwin Helwig, and Simon Cohen. 13 pp., 5 pls., 1 chart. 1929. Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Part III: Crustacea. By Charles H. Blake. 34 pp., 15 figs. 1929. Venus mercenaria at Mt. Desert, Maine. By William Procter. The Nautilus 42(3):102–103. 1930. Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Part IV: Vermes. By Charles H. Blake. 10 pp., 8 figs. 1933. Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Part V: Marine Fauna. By William Procter. 402 pp., 15 pls., 22 figs., 2 charts. Bryozoa (pp. 291–385) by Raymund C. Osburn. (dredging and shore stations, pp. 62–68; Mollusca, pp. 160–214). 1938. Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Part VI: The Insect Fauna. By William Procter. 496 pp., 9 figs., 1 chart. 1946. Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region. Part VII: The Insect Fauna. By William Procter. 566 pp., 10 figs., 1 chart. Parts I, VI, and VII above were published as hardbound books, with Part VII being a revision of the first two. Parts II, III, and IV first appeared as separate pamphlets and later were incorporated as a hardbound book with Part V. Thus, Part I = Volume 1, Parts II–V = Volume 2, Part VI = Volume 3, and Part VII = Volume 4. Procter sponsored all the works, but wrote only Parts V (mostly),VI, and VII and contributed to Part II. He also wrote one article for The Nautilus (Procter 1929). Acknowledgments The author is especially obliged to Scott M. Martin for supplying several important articles about Dwight Blaney, the effect of which was the same on this author as when Immanuel Kant48 read David Hume49 and was awakened from his dogmatic slumber to write his Critique of Pure Reason: there was no longer an excuse not to write it. Martin suggested additional information for this paper, discovered the whereabouts of the Procter photo (Fig. 3) at the Smithsonian Institution, and compiled the two tables (which should be quoted as “Martin [in] Johnson”). It might be added that I am grateful to him as was T. S. Eliot to Ezra Pound for his help with The Waste Land.50 The author is especially indebted to Scott M. Martin for preparing the interesting and carefully researched endnotes. Benjamin Blaney, grandson of Dwight, kindly supplied details that were not available elsewhere and provided the Blaney photo (Fig. 1). The following people from Harvard University are also thanked. Fred Burchsted, Research Services, Widener Library, located references 22 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 that were otherwise unavailable to the author. Mary Sears, Ernst Mayr Library, Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ), found an obituary on William Procter that was helpful and retrieved the Procter photo from the Smithsonian. Adam Ballinger and Murat Recevik of the Department of Mollusks of the MCZ provided information from the files about the Blaney shells. M.G. Harasewych of the National Museum of Natural History supplied the catalog number of Tonicella blaneyi. Glen Mittelhauser is gratefully acknowledged for suggesting that William Procter be included in this paper that originally was only about Dwight Blaney. Mittelhauser kindly supplied a catalog of Procter’s marine collection (Mittelhauser and Kelly 2007) that is currently housed in Acadia National Park. This catalog was instrumental in compiling the Procter records in Appendix 1. Literature Cited Abbott, R.T. 1974. American Seashells. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York, NY. 663 pp. Albert Ier (Prince de Monaco). 1998. Des oeuvres de science, de lumière et de paix (150e anniversaire de sa naissance). Palais de S.A.S. le Prince, Monaco. Alexander, C.P. 1951. Doctor William Procter (1872–1951). Entomological News 57(8):237–241. Anonymous. 1902. Recent Mollusca. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 54:818. Anonymous. 1904. Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian. Institution ... for the Year Ending June 30, 1904. Report on the United States National Museum. Washington, DC. P. 41. Anonymous. 1905. Blaney genealogy. Essex Antiquarian 9(1):32–36. Anonymous. 1921. Procter left $3,500,000. New York Times (April 28), p. 22. Anonymous. 1928. Scientific notes and news. Science 67(1727):133–135. Anonymous. 1929. Scientific notes and news. Science 70(1814):324–327. Anonymous. 1936. Scientific notes and news. Science 83(2163):570–574. Anonymous. 1938. Seventieth Annual Report for the Year 1938. American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY. P. 12. Anonymous. 1939. Sigma Xi elects 97 at Columbia. New York Times (March 13), p. 20. Anonymous. 1947. Many large Bar Harbor homes spared in fire, latest reports here disclose. New York Times (October 27), p. 12. Anonymous. 1949. Mrs. William Procter [obituary]. New York Times (September 26), p. 25. Anonymous. 1951a. William Procter, soap executive, 78 [obituary]. New York Times (April 21), p. 17. Anonymous. 1951b. Proctor [sic.] legacies revealed. New York Times (August 5), p. 63. Anonymous. 1960. William Procter. Who Was Who in America. Volume 3, p. 702. A.N. Marquis Company, Chicago, IL. Anonymous. 2008. The William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement. Available online at http://www.sigmaxi.org/programs/prizes/procter.shtml. Accessed April 23, 2008. Arnett, R.H., Jr. 1952. Dr. William Procter dies. The Coleopterists’ Bulletin 6(2):26. Blaney, B., and A. Stelioes-Willis. 2002. Dwight Blaney: An American Impressionist. American Art Review 14(1):184–187. 2009 R.I. Johnson 23 Bleakney, J.S. 1996. Sea Slugs of Atlantic Canada and the Gulf of Maine. Nimbus Publishing, Halifax, NS, Canada. 216 pp. Bush, K.J. 1909. A new Bela from Frenchman’s Bay, Maine. The Nautilus 23(5):61– 62, fig. 1. Carlton, J.T., G.J. Vermeij, D.R. Lindberg, D.B. Carlton, and E.C. Dudley. 1991. The first historical extinction of a marine invertebrate in an ocean Basin: The demise of the Eelgrass limpet Lottia alveus. Biological Bulletin 180:72–80. Carpine-Lancre, J., and W. Barr. 2008. The Arctic cruises of Prince Albert I of Monaco. Polar Record 44(228):1–14. Champion, M.E. 1947. Edward Sylvester Morse, with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1(11):129–144. Cox, W.E. 1979. Charles P. Alexander Papers, Circa 1870–1979. Smithsonian Institution Archives Record Unit 7298. Available online at http://siarchives.si.edu/ findingaids/FARU7298.htm. Accessed May 5, 2008. Dahlgren, U. 1925. The Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Island (Maine) Region. Science 61(1582):435–436. Dall, W.H. 1889. A preliminary catalogue of the shell-bearing marine mollusks and brachiopods of the southeastern coast of the United States with illustrations of many of the species. United States National Museum Bulletin 37:1–221, 74 pls. Dall, W.H. 1905a. A new chiton from the New England coast. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 18:203–204. Dall, W.H. 1905b. A new chiton from the New England coast. The Nautilus 19(8): 88–90. Durrell, H.C. 1931. Mrs. Dwight Blaney. New England Historical and Genealogical Register 85(3):299–300. Ferreira, A.J. 1982. The family Lepidochitonidae Iredale, 1914 (Mollusca: Polyplacophora) in the eastern Pacific. Veliger 25(2):93–138. Gawley, B. 2006. [Acadia National Park] Curatorial Program. Available online at http://www.nps.gov/archive/acad/rm/curatprog.htm. Accessed June 2, 2008. Gertz, J.E. 1983. Guide to the William Procter Papers. Manuscript Group 1049. Yale University Library, New Haven, CT. 5 pp. Jackson, H., Jr. 1907. The differences between the two New England species of Acmaea. The Nautilus 21(1):1–5, 1 pl. Johnson, C.W. 1915. Fauna of New England: List of the Mollusca. Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Natural History 7(13):1–231. Johnson, C.W. 1926. A list of the mollusks collected by Mr. Owen Bryant along The coasts of Labrador, Newfoundland and Nova Scotia. The Nautilus 39(4):109–117. Johnson, C.W. 1928. A review of the New England limpets. The Nautilus 41(4):109–117. Johnson, C.W. 1929. Acmaea testudinalis (Müll.). The Nautilus 42(3):103. Johnson, C.W. 1930. The variations of Aporrhais occidentalis Beck. The Nautilus 44(1):1–4, 1 pl. Kaas, P., and R.A. Van Belle. 1990. Monograph of Living Chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora). Volume 2. E.J. Brill Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands. Pp. 139–142. Kluckhohn, F.L. 1947. Looting stopped at Bar Harbor. New York Times (October 26), p. 48. Kuzirian, A.M. 1979. Taxonomy and biology of four New England coryphellid nudibranchs (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia). Journal of Molluscan Studies 45(3):239–261. 24 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 Lermond, N.W. 1908. Shells of Maine: A Catalogue of the Land, Fresh-water, and Marine Mollusca of Maine. Privately published, Thomaston, ME. 46 pp. Loomis, F.B., and D.B. Young. 1912. On the shell heaps of Maine. American Journal of Science (4th Series) 34(199):17–42. Lyell, C. 1845. Travels in North America in the Years 1841–2, with Geological Observations on the United States, Canada, and Nova Scotia. Volume 2. Wiley and Putnam, New York, NY. 231 pp. Martin, S.M. 1995a. Maine’s malacological history. Maine Naturalist 3(1):1–34. Martin, S.M. 1995b. Maine’s remarkable Edward Sylvester Morse: Quintessential naturalist. Maine Naturalist 3(2):81–102. Martin, S.M. 2000. Terrestrial snails and slugs (Mollusca, Gastropoda) of Maine. Northeastern Naturalist 7(1):33–88. McLane, C.B. 1989. Islands of the Mid-Maine Coast: Mount Desert to Machias Bay. Volume 2. Kennebec River Press, Falmouth, ME. pp. 147–151. Mighels, J.W. 1843. Descriptions of six species of shells regarded as new. Boston Journal of Natural History 4(3):345–350, 1 pl. Mighels, W., and C.B. Adams. 1841. Descriptions of twenty-four species of the shells of New England. Boston Journal of Natural History 4:37–55, 1 pl. Mikkelson, B. 2007. 99.44% pure luck. Available online at http://www.snopes.com/ business/origins/ivory.asp?print=y. Accessed May 26, 2008. Mittelhauser, G., and D. Kelly. 2007. Inventory of Marine Fauna in Frenchman Bay and Blue Hill Bay, Maine, 1926–1932: Catalog of William Procter’s Marine Collections. Maine Natural History Observatory, Gouldsboro, ME. 222 pp. Moneta, H., and R.J. Davenport. 2007. Davenport’s Art Reference and Price Guide 2007/2008. Gordon’s Art Reference, Phoenix, AZ. Morse, E.S. 1864. Observations on the terrestrial Pulmonifera of Maine, including a catalogue of all the species of terrestrial and fluviatile Mollusca known to inhabit the state. Journal of the Portland Society of Natural History 1(1):1–63, 10 pls. Morse, E.S. 1869. Appendix to report on Mollusca. First Annual Report of the Peabody Academy of Science, pp. 76–77. Morse, E.S. 1910. An early stage of Acmaea. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 34:313–323. Morse, E.S. 1919. Observations on living lamellibranchs of New England. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History 35(5):139–196. Morse, E.S. 1920. On certain fossil shells in the bowlder clay of Boston Basin. American Journal of Science (4th Series) 49(291):159–165. Morse, E.S. 1921. Observations on the Living Gasteropods of New England. Peabody Museum, Salem, MA. 29 pp., 9 pls. Nekola, J.C. 2008. Land Snail Ecology and Biogeography of Eastern Maine. Unpublished report (January 27) for Maine Department of Inland Fisheries and Wildlife and Aroostook Hills and Lowlands Inventory. Available online at http://sev.Iternet. edu/~jnekola/nekola%20pdf/mednr-2007.pdf. Accessed July 7, 2008. Perkins, E.H. 1927. The post-Pleistocene clays of Maine. The Maine Naturalist 7(4):141–146, map. Pilsbry, H.A. 1939. Land Mollusca of North America (North of Mexico). Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monograph No. 3. Volume 1, Pt. 1, pp. 6–8. Prentice, D.B. 1955. Scientific Research Society of America. Science 121(3152):7A. Romer, A.S. 1939. Frederic Brewster Loomis (1873–1937). Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 73:136–137. 2009 R.I. Johnson 25 Rosenberg, G. 1993. A database approach to studies of molluscan taxonomy, biogeography, and diversity, with examples from Western Atlantic marine gastropods. American Malacological Bulletin 10:257–266. Rosenberg, G. 2005. Malacolog 4.1.0: A Database of Western Atlantic Marine Mollusca. [WWW database (version 4.1.0)]. Available online at http://www. malacolog.org/. Accessed April 6, 2009. Rudman, W.B. 2004. Flabellina sp. 6. Available online at http://www.seaslugforum. net/showall.cfm?base=flabsp6. Accessed April 6, 2009. Schorger, A.W. 1952. William Procter [obituary]. The Auk 69(3):349. Schreiber, L. 2007. Insect insight. Available online at http://www.mainecoastnow.com/ articles/2007/12/04/bar_harbor_times/local_news/doc474ef029e15647905046. txt. Accessed April 23, 2008. Spiegel, I. 1947a. Night of terror ends safely for Bar Harbor’s refugees. New York Times (October 25), pp. 1, 5. Spiegel, I. 1947b. A new Bar Harbor. New York Times (November 2), p. X15. Stillinger, E. 1980a. Dwight Blaney and the craft of collection. Pp. 105–112 (Chap. 11), In The Antiquers. Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY. Stillinger, E. 1980b. Dwight Blaney: Portrait of a collector. The Magazine Antiques (October), pp. 748–757. Titus, E.K. 1910. Prehistoric Maine: A glimpse of aboriginal life. The Magazine of History with Notes and Queries 12(July/December):105–108. Trott, T.J. 2004. Cobscook Bay inventory: A historical checklist of marine invertebrates spanning 162 years. Northeastern Naturalist Special Issue 11 (Special Issue 2):261–324. Turgeon, D.D., J.F. Quinn, Jr., A.E. Bogan, E.V. Coan, F.G. Hochberg, W.G. Lyons, P.M. Mikkelsen, R.J. Neves, C.F.E. Roper, G. Rosenberg, B. Roth, A. Scheltema, F.G. Thompson, M. Vecchione, and J.D. Williams. 1998. Common and Scientific Names of Aquatic Invertebrates from the United States and Canada: Mollusks. 2nd Edition. American Fisheries Society Special Publication 26. 526 pp. Vaught, K.C. 1989. A Classification of the Living Mollusca. American Malacologists, Melbourne, fl. 189 pp. Vining, T.F. 2000. Cemeteries of Cranberry Isles and the Towns of Mount Desert Island. V.F. Thomas Company, Bar Harbor, ME. 592 pp. Williamson, S.H. 2008. Six ways to compute the relative value of a US dollar amount, 1790 to present. Available online at http://www.measuringworth.com/ calculators/uscompare/result.php. Accessed November 13, 2008. Additional Reading Adams, H. 1993. For objects so excellent: A history of Maine Audubon Society’s first 150 years. Habitat 19(4):24–36. [Documents Maine Audubon’s beginnings as the Portland Society of Natural History.] Champion, M.E. 1961. Francis Noyes Balch, 1874-1960. The Nautilus 74(4):164-165. Collier, S.F. 1978. Mt. Desert Island and Acadia National Park: An Informal History. Down East Books, Camden, ME. 146 pp. Creed, P.R. (Ed.). 1930. Milestones: The Boston Society of Natural History, 1830– 1930. Printed for the Society, Boston, MA. 117 pp., 39 pls. Eastman, L.M. 2006. The Portland Society of Natural History: The rise and fall of a venerable institution. Northeastern Naturalist 13( Monograph 1):1–38. 26 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 Gray, A.F. 1933. Charles Willison Johnson, 1863–1932. The Nautilus 46(4):129–134. Hale, R.W., Jr. 1949. The Story of Bar Harbor, an Informal History Recording One Hundred and Fifty Years in the life of a Community. Ives Washburn, New York, NY. 259 pp. Hornsby, S.J. 1993. The Gilded Age and the making of Bar Harbor. Geographical Review 83(4):455–468. Johnson, R.I. 1949. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels with a bibliography and a catalogue of his species. Occasional Papers on Mollusks 1(14):213–231. Johnson, R.I. 1997. Maine’s Portland Society of Natural History. Northeastern Naturalist 4(3):189–196. Johnson, R.I. 2004. The rise and fall of the Boston Society of Natural History. Northeastern Naturalist 11(1):81–108. Martin, S.M. (Ed.). 2004. Autobiography of Norman Wallace Lermond, Maine’s naturalist/socialist. Northeastern Naturalist 11(2):197–228. Norton, A.H. 1927. Jesse Wedgwood Mighels: Pioneer conchologist. The Maine Naturalist 7(2):63–74. Owens, C. 1984. The Berkshire Cottages: A Vanishing Era. Cottage Press, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. 240 pp. Remington, J.E. 1977. Katharine Jeannette Bush: Peabody’s mysterious zoologist. Discovery 12(3):2–8. Schisgall, O. 1981. Eyes on Tomorrow: The Evolution of Procter & Gamble. J.G. Ferguson Publishing Company, Chicago, IL. 308 pp. Verrill, G.E. 1958. The Ancestry, Life, and Work of Addison E. Verrill of Yale University. Pacific Coast Publishing Company, Santa Barbara, CA. 99 pp. Woodring, W.P. 1958. William Healey Dall, August 21, 1845–March 27, 1927. National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoirs 31:92–113. Wayman, D.G. 1942. Edward Sylvester Morse: A Biography. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. 457 pp. Endnotes 1Boston’s Great Fire began in the basement of a warehouse at the corner of Kingston and Summer Streets on November 9, 1872. The exact cause of the blaze was never determined. Fire fighting efforts were hampered because many of the horses used to pull the equipment were disabled by the flu. Boston’s stately downtown architecture proved to be a tinderbox. After raging for 20 hours, the conflagration was stopped just short of Boston’s historic landmarks. Thousands of people were made jobless, hundreds lost their homes, and 30 people died. 2The first job of Ross Sterling Turner (1847–1915) was as a mechanical draftsman with the US Patent Office in Washington, DC. In 1876, he went to Europe to study art, traveling in France, Germany, and Italy. In 1883, he settled in Boston, where he exhibited his Impressionist watercolors and oils at the Boston Art Club. While living in Salem, he maintained a Boston studio for private lessons. 3Frederick Childe Hassam (1859–1935) began his artistic career as an illustrator and watercolorist. Although he had but little formal art training, he became an outstanding Impressionist painter, a skill he largely acquired by studying the works of Impressionists in European museums and galleries. Hassam settled in New York 2009 R.I. Johnson 27 City, where he painted the genteel urban atmosphere (replete with patriotic flags during World War I). Hassam made summer excursions to Maine’s Appledore Island, largest of the Isles of Shoals, where he made several paintings of his host Celia Thaxter. 4Celia Laighton Thaxter (1835–1894) was a prominent poet and story writer who grew up in the Isles of Shoals, where her father was a lighthouse keeper. At Appledore House, her father’s hotel on Appledore Island, she welcomed many literary and artistic luminaries of New England, including Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and Childe Hassam. Her A Memorable Murder, a story about a double midnight murder on nearby Smuttynose Island in 1873, made her the prototype for the fictional Jessica Fletcher of Cabot Cove, ME in the television drama “Murder, She Wrote.” 5Charles Johnson Maynard (1845–1929) was a “born naturalist, teacher, and field worker.” His Naturalist’s Guide enjoyed wide popularity and was printed in two editions. Maynard was an accomplished ornithologist, and he became a malacologist of some renown, specializing in the Cerionidae land snails of the West Indies. 6This firm was headed by Robert Swain Peabody (1845–1917) and John Goddard Stearns, Jr. (1843–1917). In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it designed many imposing edifices, especially in Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The original The Breakers summer mansion of Cornelius Vanderbilt in Newport, RI was a product of Peabody and Stearns. 7George Canning Wales (1868–1940) became known for his graphics and also his marine and landscape artwork. His specialty was detailed etchings of boats. He also managed his own Boston architectural firm from 1893 to 1924. He made a sketch, reproduced in McLane (1989:152), in the Blaney guest books for Ironbound Island that depicts exhausted travelers being loaded down the gangplank onto Blaney’s yacht after disembarking from the train at Hancock Point on the mainland. A photograph of Blaney with Wales on Ironbound Island in the early 1900s can also be seen in McLane (1989:150). 8The Eastern Steamship Company was one of the most successful shipping lines that ever operated along the Atlantic Coast. Its fleet of steamships plied the waters from Boston to Portland, Bath, Augusta, Bar Harbor, Rockland, Bangor, and Eastport, ME and on to Saint John, NB. The book Eastern Steamship, by David Crockett and Edwin Dunbaugh, recounts a history of this company and is replete with photographs of some of its vessels. During the two World Wars, some of the ships served as cargo and troop carriers to Europe. 9The move to Beacon Hill with her wool merchant husband allowed Sarah Wyman Whitman (1842–1904) to hobnob with Boston’s elite. As the first female artist employed by Boston publisher Houghton Mifflin, she gave its book covers a simple elegance through line, color, and lettering. The authors of some of these books were her friends, including James Russell Lowell and Oliver Wendell Holmes. Boston’s Trinity Church was her first stained glass commission. Sarah was oft bedecked in silk and satin finery, ostrich feathers, beaver bonnets, and gems. 28 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 10The Club of Odd Volumes is a society of bibliophiles that was founded in Boston in 1887. The club offers exhibitions in the printing arts, typography, and antiquarian books. In the past, it has hosted authors, book designers, and printers, including Winston Churchill. 11At the age of 22, Samuel Henshaw (1852–1941), who had been curating the insect collections of the Boston Society of Natural History, became a charter member of the Cambridge Entomological Club. He was 29, twice the age of the usual matriculant, when he entered Harvard as a student, but he went on to become a noted entomologist. Always a late bloomer, he became Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at age 60 and served in that capacity for 15 years (1912–1927). 12Thomas Barbour (1884–1946) studied at Harvard under Alexander Agassiz, son of Louis Agassiz. He became a prominent herpetologist, but he also studied birds and insects, especially butterflies. He followed Henshaw as Director of the Museum of Comparative Zoology (1927–1946). 13Frenchman Bay is named not for Samuel de Champlain, who arrived there in 1604, but for Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac, who lived briefly around the bay in 1687– 1688. Cadillac is also remembered in Cadillac Mountain, the highest point not only of Mount Desert Island, but of the entire American eastern seaboard. 14Impressionism began in the mid-nineteenth century in Paris and is derived from the title of the Claude Monet oil painting Impression, Sunrise, which typified the movement. Characteristics of the style include ordinary subject matter, open composition, unusual visual angles, visible brush strokes, emphasis on the changing qualities of light, and the perception of movement. 15Impressionist painter Frank Weston Benson (1862–1951), along with Blaney art associates Childe Hassam and Edmund Tarbell, was a member of the Ten American Painters, who resigned from the Society of American Painters in 1897 to protest the large size and commercialism of that group’s exhibitions. Benson was born in Salem, MA, where Blaney spent part of his youth, and received his art training in Boston and Paris. He eventually became an art instructor at the School of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. Benson and Blaney were boon hunting and fishing companions. Benson also designed a bookplate for Blaney. 16Impressionist William McGregor Paxton (1869–1941), like Frank Benson, studied art in Boston and Paris and also became an instructor at Boston’s School of the Museum of Fine Arts. While working on his last painting, which featured his wife posing for him in their living room, he was stricken with a fatal heart attack. 17John Singer Sargent (1856–1925) was the best known of the Impressionist artists that called Blaney friend. He was born in Florence, Italy, to expatriate American parents and studied art in that country, Germany, and France. His prolific works (about 900 oils, 2000 watercolors, and countless sketches and charcoal drawings) include portraits, landscapes, and genre scenes. He traveled extensively throughout Europe and the Middle East, and called London home, but in his waning years, he also made contacts in Boston. He did the murals at the Boston Public Library and the Museum of Fine Arts, and he painted on Ironbound Island during summer visits with the Blaneys. There are at least seven Sargent paintings of Ironbound known. 2009 R.I. Johnson 29 18Edmund Charles Tarbell (1862–1938) was an Impressionist and a member of the Ten American Painters. He apprenticed as a lithographer in Boston and then entered the School of the Museum of Fine Arts, where, like Frank Benson and William Paxton, he eventually became an art instructor after a sojourn in Europe where he studied the Old Masters and was exposed to Impressionism. So pervasive were his unique pedagogical techniques on Boston painting that his followers were called “Tarbellites.” 19Bela Lyon Pratt (1867–1917) was a prominent sculptor. Some 125 of his sculptures were exhibited at Boston’s Museum of Fine Arts in 1918. His statue of author/ clergyman Edward Everett Hale figures prominently in the Boston Public Garden, while his Nathaniel Hawthorne statue can be seen in Salem, MA. He also designed Indian head $5.00 and $2.50 gold pieces that became known as “Pratt coins.” In 1913, Pratt made a bronze bas-relief of Blaney holding a palette and paintbrushes, with the cliffs of Ironbound Island in the background. 20The Fenway Studios, now a national historic landmark, were located at 30 Ipswich Street in Boston. They were built to replace the Harcourt Studios, which had been leveled by a 1904 fire during which many artists lost their homes, studios, and artwork. Blaney’s friend Edmund Tarbell also painted at the Fenway Studios. 21John Leslie Breck (1860–1899) was born at sea on a clipper ship in the South Pacific, where his father was a captain in the US Navy. He grew up in the Boston area and went on to study art in Germany and France. Like other friends of Blaney, he became an exponent of the “new painting” of Impressionism. His own oil painting of Blaney’s summer retreat was entitled The Cliffs at Ironbound Island, Maine (1898). 22Hassam’s oil painting of the stark granite cliffs on the southern end of Ironbound Island was painted in 1896 and was simply entitled Ironbound. Another painting of the same time frame was entitled Sunset Ironbound Island: Mount Desert, Maine. Hassam also painted a portrait of Edith Blaney seated in her garden reading a copy of Celia Thaxter’s An Island Garden, which Hassam had illustrated with his paintings. 23A photo of Sargent shows him sitting beneath an umbrella and painting a watercolor while aboard Blaney’s yacht Norma. Sargent died 3 years later, but before then he conducted an extensive correspondence with the Blaneys, especially the refined Edith. A collection of 104 John Singer Sargent letters that dates from 1887 to 1922 is housed in the Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution. It includes correspondence of Singer with patrons, sitters, colleagues, and friends like Edith Blaney. The collection can be accessed on the internet (http://www.aaa. si.edu/collectionsonline/sargjohn). 24Like Blaney, Henry Watson Kent (1866–1948) served as a secretary of Boston’s prestigious Walpole Society (1910–1911, 1915–1923; Blaney served in 1911– 1912). Kent labored for 35 years at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, where he set high standards for museum practice. During the Hudson-Fulton Celebration at the museum in 1909, Kent oversaw that an extensive part of the exhibition consisted of the American antiques that had been collected by fellow Walpoleon Hezekiah Eugene Bolles, another Boston associate of Blaney. 30 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 25Haystacks is a series of Impressionist paintings by Parissian Claude Monet. In each of the 25 paintings, the primary subjects are stacks of grain that have been left in the field after the harvest season. The series is among Monet’s most noteworthy productions. 26The Walpole Society, established in Boston in 1909, derived its name from Henry Walpole (1717–1797), an English writer, politician, and collector. Qualifications for membership were defined as “distinction in the collecting of early American objects of the decorative arts and fine arts, or attainment through study or experience in the knowledge of these arts; and the social qualifications essential to the well being of a group of like-minded persons.” As both an artist and an antique collector, the Walpole Society was a natural fit for Blaney. 27Colonial Revival was an architectural style and interior design movement that reawakened Americans to their colonial past around the time of the Revolutionary War. Homes built with this style were two stories high and had a ridge pole parallel to the street, a symmetrical front facade with an accented doorway, and evenly spaced windows on both sides of the facade. The County Club District in Kansas City is built in the Colonial Revival style. 28It was the books and atmospheric photographs of artist/photographer Wallace Nutting (1861–1941) that help spur the Colonial Revival movement in the United States. 29This 1841 paper appeared in the Boston Journal of Natural History (see Literature Cited) and listed Charles Baker Adams (1814–1853) of Middlebury, and later Amherst College as co-author, which Jesse Wedgwood Mighels (1795–1861) later insisted was a mistake made by the editor. 30The contributions of the “Navigator Prince” Albert Ier (1848–1922) of Monaco to oceanography were prodigious. His voyages in the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, the Caribbean, and later the Arctic seas, accompanied by some of the world’s leading marine scientists, produced a wealth of oceanographic and biological data. The Prince also founded the renowned Oceanographic Institute in Monaco, active to this day. 31Robert Waldo Abbe (1851–1928) was a prominent surgeon and medical pioneer in New York City. While summering in Bar Harbor, he excavated nearby shell middens from which he extricated numerous archaeological artifacts that formed the basis of the Abbe Museum’s collections. The Museum opened on August 14, 1928, sadly 5 months after Abbe had died. Lafayette National Park, established in 1919, began as Sieur de Monts National Monument in 1916. It became Acadia National Park in 1929. 32Information on how to access the Dwight Blaney Papers is available on the internet (http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/collections_list.cfm/fuseaction/Collections.- ViewCollection/CollectionID/10002). 33Harley Procter (1847–1920) designed the first wrapper for Ivory Soap and patented its characteristic notched bar. In 1961, he was inducted into the Advertising Hall of Fame, his vignette proclaiming that he “developed techniques and methods that have since become standard practice, leaving an indelible mark on the face of modern advertising.” 2009 R.I. Johnson 31 34Younger brother Rodney Procter would also graduate from Yale, in 1903. 35Procter dedicated Part V (1933) of his Biological Survey of the Mount Desert Region to Emily, stating “without whose sympathy and encouragement I could never have re-entered the field of Natural History.” 36Three of Morgan’s brilliant genetics students went on to earn their own Nobel Prizes in the field: Hermann Joseph Muller (in 1946), George Wells Beadle (in 1958), and Edward B. Lewis (in 1995). 37Procter still maintained ties with Procter & Borden until 1929, the year of his formal retirement. 38Corfield Cottage was on shoreline property about 1 mile north of Bar Harbor. It was razed to build the Holiday Inn that is adjacent to the Bar Harbor-Yarmouth Ferry Terminal today. 39Penikese is a Massachusetts island in Buzzards Bay where Louis Agassiz held a summer research institute in 1873, the last year of his life. This program was a predecessor to the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole on Cape Cod. Agassiz met the 44 students at the dock of Penikese and gave an impromptu lecture that has been distilled into “study Nature, not books.” 40This was a land-holding group headed by John Davison Rockefeller, Jr. and wealthy Bostonian George Buckman Dorr, who, along with Harvard University President Charles William Eliot, were instrumental in founding Acadia National Park. The George B. Dorr Natural History Museum at the College of the Atlantic is named for him. 41All of these works were copyrighted by Procter and published by the Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology of Philadelphia. 42 Procter’s trawler was named after Lophius americanus Valenciennes in Cuvier and Valenciennes (Goosefish). This prehistoric-looking bottom fish dangles a flap of skin on its first dorsal fin to lure smaller prey fish to within grasp of its very toothy mouth. The eggs of the Goosefish are shed in an enormous veil that floats in the water. The >1 million eggs in a single veil are housed in hexagonal compartments. Procter et al. (1928) studied the egg and larval development of the Goosefish, describing it in even greater detail than Louis Agassiz. 43Procter’s death was also reported in the newspapers of his Ohio hometown: Cincinnati Enquirer (4/20/1951, p. 1; 4/21/1951, p. 7), Cincinnati Times Star (4/20/1951, p. 14; 4/24/1951, p. 17), and Cincinnati Post (4/20/1951, p. 1). 44Founded at Cornell University in 1886, Sigma Xi’s mission is “to enhance the health of the research enterprise, foster integrity in science and engineering, and promote the public’s understanding of science for the purpose of improving the human condition.” 32 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 45The winner of the first award was Karl Taylor Compton (1887–1954), physicist and President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1930–1948). He was a member of the committee that advised Harry Truman to use the atomic bomb against Japan during World War II. Former student of Thomas Hunt Morgan and Nobel laureate George Wells Beadle won the award in 1981. In 2008, the winner was NASA research scientist Charles Elachi, and in 2009, it was atomic physicist Deborah Jin. 46The Center is dedicated to William Otis Sawtelle (1874–1939), founder of the Islesford Historical Museum on Isleford Island that explores nineteenth century life on the Cranberry Isles just south of Mount Desert Island. Sawtelle was a physics professor at Haverford College near Philadelphia and spent summers with his family on Isleford Island. He wrote several papers and pamphlets on the history and genealogy of the Mount Desert region, focusing on the Cranberry Isles. 47Like Blaney, William Procter was honored taxonomically. In 1929, a tiny (only 1.05 mm long) benthic ostracod discovered by Procter’s Biological Survey in Frenchman Bay was described as the new species Cythereis procteri by Charles Henry Blake. It is still considered a valid taxon. A geometrid moth collected by Auburn E. Brower at Bar Harbor in 1938 was named Thera procteri. It has now been equated with Thera juniperata juniperata. 48Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) was a German philosopher. After producing several important works in the early 1760s, he entered a decade of “dogmatic slumber” from which he was awakened by reading the prose of Hume. 49David Hume (1711–1776) was a Scottish philosopher who produced several important works, chief of which was Treatise of Human Nature. It was while reading Treatise that Immanuel Kant was awakened from his philosophical slumber. 50The Waste Land, a 434-line poem written by Thomas Stearns Eliot (1888–1965) in 1922, has become a touchstone of modern literature. Eliot labored on the poem for several years and greatly benefitted from the editorial comments of Ezra Pound (1885–1972). 2009 R.I. Johnson 33 Appendix 1. Marine Mollusks Collected in Frenchman Bay by Dwight Blaney (B) and William Procter (P). The classification is based on Vaught (1989) and Turgeon et al. (1988); most of the common names are taken from the latter. * = common name created here. Names in boldface were also found as a fossil (F) by Blaney or as a fossil only (FO); see Blaney and Loomis (1916). # Described as a new species by Edward Sylvester Morse; see Morse (1869). Scientific name Common name Collection CLASS POLYPLACOPHORA [CHITONS] ORDER NEOLORICATA SUBORDER LEPIDOPLEURINA FAMILY HANLEYIDAE Hanleya hanleyi (Bean, 1844) Eastern Hanleya* B P SUBORDER ISCHNOCHITONINA FAMILY ISCHOCHITONIDAE Stenosemus albus (Linnaeus, 1767) Northern White Chiton B P FAMILY TONICELLIDAE Tonicella blaneyi Dall, 1905 Blaney Chiton B T. marmorea (Fabricius, 1780) Mottled Red Chiton B P T. rubra (Linnaeus, 1767) Northern Red Chiton B P FAMILY MOPALIIDAE Amicula vestita (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) Concealed Arctic Chiton B CLASS BIVALVIA [BIVALVES] SUBCLASS PROTOBRANCHIA ORDER NUCULOIDA SUPERFAMILY NUCULOIDEA FAMILY NUCULIDAE (NUTCLAMS) Ennucula tenuis (Montagu, 1808) - F Smooth Nutclam B P Nucula delphinodonta Dolphintooth Nutclam B P Mighels & Adams, 1842 N. proxima Say, 1822 Atlantic Nutclam B P SUPERFAMILY NUCULANOIDEA FAMILY NUCULANIDAE (ELONGATE NUTCLAMS) Nuculana caudata (Donovan, 1801) Tailed Nutclam B N. minuta (Müller, 1776) - FO Minute Nutclam B N. pernula (Müller, 1779) - FO Northern Nutclam B N. tenuisulcata (Couthouy, 1838) Thin Nutclam B P FAMILY YOLDIIDAE (YOLDIAS) Megayoldia thraciaeformis (Storer, 1838) Broad Yoldia B P Yoldia limatula (Say, 1831) File Yoldia B P Y. myalis (Couthouy, 1838) Oval Yoldia B P Y. sapotilla (Gould, 1841) Short Yoldia B P SUBCLASS PTERIOMORPHIA ORDER MYTILOIDA SUPERFAMILY MYTILOIDEA FAMILY MYTILIDAE (MUSSELS) Crenella decussata (Montagu, 1808) Cross-sculpture Crenella B P C. glandula (Totten, 1834) Glandular Crenella B P Modiolus modiolus (Linnaeus, 1758) - F Northern Horsemussel B P 34 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 Scientific name Common name Collection Musculus discors (Linnaeus, 1767) Discordant Mussel B P M. glacialis (Leche, 1883) Corrugate Mussel B P M. niger (Gray, 1824) Black Mussel B P Mytilus edulis Linnaeus, 1758 - F Blue Mussel B P M. edulis pellucidus Pennant, 1777 Brown Mussel* P ORDER OSTREOIDA SUBORDER PECTININA SUPERFAMILY PECTINOIDEA FAMILY PECTINIDAE (SCALLOPS) Chlamys islandica (Müller, 1776) - F Iceland Scallop B P Placopecten magellanicus (Gmélin, 1791) Sea Scallop B P SUPERFAMILY ANOMIOIDEA FAMILY ANOMIIDAE (JINGLE SHELLS) Anomia simplex d’Orbigny, 1842 Common Jingle B P A. squamula Linnaeus, 1758 Prickly Jingle B P SUBCLASS HETERODONTA ORDER VENEROIDA SUPERFAMILY LUCINOIDEA FAMILY THYASIRIDAE (CLEFTCLAMS) Axinopsida orbiculata (Sars, 1878) Orbicular Axinopsid B P Thyasira flexuosa (Montagu, 1803) Flexuose Cleftclam B P T. gouldii (Philippi, 1845) Gould Cleftclam B P SUPERFAMILY CARDITOIDEA FAMILY CARDITIDAE (CARDITA CLAMS) Cyclocardia borealis (Conrad, 1831) Northern Cyclocardia B P # C. novangliae (Morse, 1869) New England Cyclocardia B P SUPERFAMILY ASTARTOIDEA FAMILY ASTARTIDAE (ASTARTE CLAMS) Astarte borealis (Schumacher, 1817) Boreal Astarte B P A. castanea (Say, 1822) Smooth Astarte B P A. crenata (Gray, 1824) Crenulate Astarte B P A. elliptica (Brown, 1827) - F Elliptical Astarte B A. montagui (Dillwyn, 1817) - F Narrow-hinge Astarte B P A. portlandica Mighels, 1843 Portland Astarte* B P A. undata Gould, 1841 Wavy Astarte B P SUPERFAMILY CARDIOIDEA FAMILY CARDIIDAE (COCKLES) Cerastoderma pinnulatum (Conrad, 1831) - F Northern Dwarf Cockle B P Clinocardium ciliatum (Fabricius, 1780) Hairy Cockle B P Serripes groenlandicus (Mohr, 1786) - F Greenland Smoothcockle B P SUPERFAMILY MACTRIOIDEA FAMILY MACTRIDAE (SURFCLAMS) Mactromeris polynyma (Stimpson, 1860) Arctic Surfclam B Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn, 1817) Atlantic Surfclam P SUPERFAMILY SOLENOIDEA FAMILY PHARIDAE (RAZOR CLAMS) Ensis directus Conrad, 1843 Atlantic Jackknife B P 2009 R.I. Johnson 35 Scientific name Common name Collection SUPERFAMILY TELLINOIDEA FAMILY TELLINIDAE (TELLIN SHELLS) Macoma balthica (Linnaeus, 1758) Baltic Macoma B P M. calcarea (Gmélin, 1791) - F Chalky Macoma B P SUPERFAMILY ARCTICOIDEA FAMILY ARCTICIDAE (BLACK QUAHOGS) Arctica islandica (Linnaeus, 1767) Ocean Quahog B P SUPERFAMILY VENEROIDEA FAMILY VENERIDAE (VENUS CLAMS) Gemma gemma (Totten, 1834) Amethyst Gemclam B Liocyma fluctuosum (Gould, 1841) Varnished Venus B P Mercenaria mercenaria (Linnaeus, 1758) Northern Quahog B P FAMILY TURTONIIDAE (TURTONS) Turtonia minuta (Fabricius, 1780) Minute Turton B P ORDER MYOIDA SUBORDER MYINA SUPERFAMILY MYOIDEA FAMILY MYIDAE (SOFTSHELL CLAMS) Mya arenaria Linnaeus, 1758 - F Softshell B P M. truncata Linnaeus, 1758 - F Truncate Softshell B P SUPERFAMILY HIATELLOIDEA FAMILY HIATELLIDAE (ROCK BORERS) Cyrtodaria siliqua (Spengler, 1793) Northern Propellerclam B Hiatella arctica (Linnaeus, 1767) - F Arctic Hiatella B P Panomya norvegica (Spengler, 1793) Arctic Roughmya B P SUPERFAMILY PHOLADOIDEA FAMILY PHOLADIDAE (PIDDOCKS) Zirfaea crispata (Linnaeus, 1758) Great Piddock B FAMILY TEREDINIDAE (SHIPWORMS) Psiloteredo megotara (Hanley, 1848) Big-ear Shipworm B SUBCLASS ANOMALODESMATA ORDER PHOLADOMYOIDA SUPERFAMILY PANDOROIDEA FAMILY THRACIIDAE (THRACIAS) Thracia conradi Couthouy, 1839 Undulate Thracia B P T. myopsis Møller, 1842 Arctic Thracia B P T. septentrionalis Jeffreys, 1872 Northern Thracia B P FAMILY PERIPLOMATIDAE (SPOONCLAMS) Periploma fragile (Totten, 1835) Fragile Spoonclam B P P. leanum (Conrad, 1831) Lea Spoonclam B FAMILY LYONSIIDAE (GLASS CLAMS) Lyonsia arenosa (Møller, 1842) Sandy Lyonsia B P L. hyalina Conrad, 1831 Glassy Lyonsia B P FAMILY PANDORIDAE (PANDORAS) Pandora gouldiana Dall, 1886 Rounded Pandora B P SUPERFAMILY POROMYOIDEA FAMILY CUSPIDARIIDAE (DIPPERCLAMS) Cuspidaria glacialis (Sars, 1878) Glacial Dipperclam B 36 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 Scientific name Common name Collection CLASS SCAPHOPODA [SCAPHOPODS] ORDER DENTALIIDA (TUSKSHELLS) FAMILY DENTALIIDAE Antalis entale occidentale (Stimpson, 1851) Occidental Tuskshell B P A. e. stimpsoni (Henderson, 1920) Stimpson Tuskshell B P CLASS GASTROPODA [SNAILS] SUBCLASS PROSOBRANCHIA ORDER ARCHAEGASTROPODA SUPERFAMILY FISSURELLOIDEA FAMILY FISSURELLIDAE (KEYHOLE LIMPETS) Puncturella noachina (Linnaeus, 1771) Diluvian Puncturella B P SUPERFAMILY PATELLOIDEA FAMILY ACMAEIDAE (PLATE LIMPETS) Lottia alveus alveus (Conrad, 1831) Bowl Limpet B P Tectura testudinalis (Müller, 1776) Plant Limpet B P FAMILY LEPETIDAE (BLIND LIMPETS) Lepeta caeca (Müller, 1776) - F Northern Blind Limpet B P SUPERFAMILY TROCHOIDEA FAMILY TROCHIDAE (TOP SHELLS) M. costalis (Gould, 1841) - F Boreal Rosy Margarite B P M. groenlandicus (Gmélin, 1791) Geenland Margarite B P M. helicinus (Phipps, 1774) Spiral Margarite B P M. olivaceus (Brown, 1827) Olive Margarite B P Solariella obscura (Couthouy, 1838) Obscure Solarelle B P FAMILY CALLIOSTOMATIDAE Calliostoma occidentale Boreal Topsnail B P (Mighels & Adams, 1842) FAMILY TURBINIDAE (TURBAN SHELLS) Moelleria costulata (Møller, 1842) Ribbed Moelleria B P ORDER MESOGASTROPODA SUBORDER CAENOGASTROPODA SUPERFAMILY LITTORINOIDEA FAMILY LACUNIDAE (LACUNAS) Lacuna vincta Montagu, 1803) Northern Lacuna B P FAMILY LITTORINIDAE (PERIWINKLES) Littorina littorea (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Periwinkle B P L. obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758) Yellow Periwinkle B P L. saxatilis (Olivi, 1792) Rough Periwinkle B P SUPERFAMILY RISSOIDEA FAMILY HYDROBIIDAE (SWAMP SNAILS) Hydrobia truncata (Vanatta, 1924) Minute Hydrobe B P FAMILY RISSOIDAE (RISSO SHELLS) Alvania areolata (Stimpson, 1851) Areolate Alvania* B P Boreocingula castanea (Møller, 1842) Castanate Cingula* B P Frigidoalvania pelagica (Stimpson, 1851) Carinate Alvania B P Onoba aculeus (Gould, 1841) Pointed Cingula B P O. mighelsi (Stimpson, 1851) Mighels Cingula B P 2009 R.I. Johnson 37 Scientific name Common name Collection FAMILY SKENEOPSIDAE (MARINE RAM’S HORNS) Skeneopsis planorbis (Fabricius, 1780) Flat Skenea B P SUPERFAMILY CERITHIOIDEA FAMILY TURRITELLIDAE (TURRET SHELLS) Tachyrhynchus erosus (Couthouy, 1838) Eroded Turretsnail B P Turritellopsis stimpsoni Dall, 1919 Needle Turretsnail B P SUPERFAMILY STROMBOIDEA FAMILY APORRHAIDAE (PELICANFOOTS) Aporrhais occidentalis Beck, 1836 - F American Pelicanfoot B P A. occidentalis mainensis Johnson, 1926 Maine Pelicanfoot* P SUPERFAMILY CREPIDULOIDEA FAMILY CALYPTRAEIDAE (SLIPPER SHELLS) Crepidula convexa Say, 1822 Convex Slippersnail P C. fornicata (Linnaeus, 1758) Common Atlantic B P Slippersnail Crucibulum striatum Say, 1824 Striate Cup-And-Saucer B P FAMILY TRICHOTROPIDAE (HAIRY SHELLS) Trichotropis borealis Boreal Hairysnail B P Broderip & Sowerby, 1829 - F SUPERFAMILY CYPRAEOIDEA FAMILY VELUTINIDAE Velutina undata (Brown, 1839) Wavy Lamellaria B P V. velutina (Müller, 1776) Smooth Lamellaria B P FAMILY LAMELLARIIDAE (LAMELLARIAS) Marsenina glabra (Couthouy, 1838) Bald Lamellaria B SUPERFAMILY NATICOIDEA FAMILY NATICIDAE (MOONSNAILS) Amauropsis islandica (Gmélin, 1791) Iceland Moonsnail P Cryptonatica affinis (Gmélin, 1791) Arctic Moonsnail B P Euspira heros (Say, 1822) Northern Moonsnail B P E. immaculata (Totten, 1835) Immaculate Moonsnail B P E. pallida (Broderip & Sowerby, 1829) - F Pale Moonsnail B P E. triseriata (Say, 1826) Spotted Moonsnail B P SUBORDER HETEROGLOSSA SUPERFAMILY TRIPHOROIDEA FAMILY EPITONIIDAE (WENTLETRAPS) Couthouyella striatula (Couthouy, 1838) Northern Rough Wentletrap B P Epitonium greenlandicum (Perry, 1811) Greenland Wentletrap B P ORDER NEOGASTROPODA SUPERFAMILY MURICOIDEA FAMILY MURICIDAE (ROCK SHELLS) Boreotrophon clathratus (Linnaeus, 1767) Clathrate Trophon B B. truncatus (Strøm, 1768) Bobtail Trophon P Nucella lapillus (Linnaeus, 1758) Atlantic Dogwinkle B P FAMILY BUCCINIDAE (WHELKS) Buccinum cyaneum cyaneum Bruguière, 1792 Bluish Whelk B B. undatum Linnaeus, 1758 - F Waved Whelk B P Colus pygmaeus (Gould, 1841) - F Pygmy Whelk B P C. stimpsoni (Mørch, 1867) Stimpson Whelk B P Neptunea lyrata decemcostata (Say, 1826) - F Wrinkle Whelk B P 38 Northeastern Naturalist Vol. 16, Monograph 4 Scientific name Common name Collection FAMILY COLUMBELLIDAE (DOVESNAILS) Astyris lunata (Say, 1826) Lunar Dovesnail B P A. rosacea (Gould, 1839) Rosy Northern Dovesnail B P FAMILY NASSARIIDAE (BASKET SHELLS) Nassarius trivittatus (Say, 1822) Threeline Mudsnail B P FAMILY CANCELLARIIDAE (CROSS-BARRED SHELLS) Admete viridula (Fabricius, 1780) Northern Admete B P SUPERFAMILY CONOIDEA FAMILY TURRIDAE (TURRID SHELLS) Curtitoma decussata (Couthouy, 1839) Decussate Lora B P C. incisula (Verrill, 1882) Incised Northern Turrid B P C. violacea (Mighels & Adams, 1842) Violet Turrid B P Oenopota blaneyi (Bush, 1909) Blaney Turrid B P O. cancellata (Mighels & Adams, 1842) Cancellate Lora B P O. pyramidalis (Strøm, 1788) Pyramid Turrid B P Propebela concinnula (Verrill, 1882) Concinnulate Turrid* B P. exarata (Møller, 1842) Exarate Turrid* B P P. harpularia (Couthouy, 1838) Harp Lora B P P. nobilis (Møller, 1842) Noble Turrid B P P. rugulata (Møller, 1866) Rugulate Turrid* B P P. scalaris (Møller, 1842) Scaled Turrid* B P. turricula (Montagu, 1803) - FO Turriculate Lora B SUBCLASS HETEROBRANCHIA SUPERORDER ALLOGASTROPODA SUPERFAMILY PYRAMIDELLOIDEA FAMILY PYRAMIDELLIDAE (PYRAMID SHELLS) Fargoa bartschi (Winkley, 1909) Bartsch Fargoa B P Liostomia eburnea (Stimpson, 1851) Eburn Odostome* B P Odostomia producta (Adams, 1840) Produced Odostome B O. sulcosa (Mighels, 1843) Sulcose Odostome* B Turbonilla nivea (Stimpson, 1851) Milky Turbonille B P SUBCLASS OPISTHOBRANCHIA ORDER CEPHALASPIDEA SUPERFAMILY PHILINOIDEA FAMILY CYLICHNIDAE (CHALLICE BUBBLE SHELLS) Cylichna alba (Brown, 1827) White Challice Bubble B P C. gouldii (Couthouy, 1839) Gould Challice Bubble B P FAMILY PHILINIDAE (WIDE-MOUTHED BUBBLE SHELLS) Philine lima (Brown, 1827) File Paperbubble B P FAMILY DIAPHANIDAE (PAPER BUBBLE SHELLS) Diaphana minuta Brown, 1827 Arctic Paperbubble B P FAMILY RETUSIDAE (RETUSID BUBBLE SHELLS) Retusa obtusa (Montagu, 1807) Arctic Barrel Bubble B P ORDER NUDIBRANCHIA (SEA SLUGS) SUBORDER DORIDOIDEA SUPERFAMILY ANADOROIDEA 2009 R.I. Johnson 39 Scientific name Common name Collection FAMILY ONCHIDORIDIDAE Adalaria proxima (Alder & Hancock, 1854) Yellow False Doris B Onchidoris bilamellata (Linnaeus, 1767) Barnacle-eating Onchidoris P O. diademata (Linnaeus, 1758) Diademate Onchidoris* B O. grisea (Gould, 1870) Griseate Onchidoris* P O. muricata (Müller, 1776) Fuzzy Onchidoris B P FAMILY TRIOPHIDAE Issena pacifica (Bergh, 1894) Pacific Issenid* B SUPERFAMILY EUDORIDOIDEA FAMILY CADLINIDAE Cadlina laevis (Linnaeus, 1767) White Atlantic Cadlina B SUBORDER DENDRONOTOIDEA FAMILY DENDRONOTIDAE Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774) Frond Aeolis B P FAMILY DOTOIDAE Doto coronata (Gmélin, 1791) Crown Doto P SUBORDER AEOLIDOIDEA FAMILY FLABELLINIDAE Flabellina gracilis (Alder & Hancock, 1844) Gracile Aeolis P F. verrucosa (Sars, 1829) Red-finger Aeolis P Flabellina sp. [New species?] P FAMILY AEOLIDOIDAE Aeolidia papillosa (Linnaeus, 1767) Shag-rug Aeolis B P CLASS CEPHALOPODA [SQUIDS AND OCTOPUSES] SUBCLASS COLEOIDEA ORDER OCTOPODA (OCTOPUSES) FAMILY OCTOPODIDAE Bathypolypus arcticus (Prosch, 1849) Spoonarm Octopus P