Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 110 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota) of the Boston Harbor Islands II (and Other Localities): Species Parasitizing Carabidae, and the Laboulbenia flagellata Species Complex Danny Haelewaters1,2,3,*, André De Kesel4, Michał Gorczak1,5, Kevin Bao1, Gerrit Gort6, Serena Y. Zhao1,7, and Donald H. Pfister1 Abstract - This paper presents 13 new records of Laboulbenialean parasites on ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area in Massachusetts: Laboulbenia anoplogenii, L. casnoniae, L. clivinalis, L. egens, L. filifera, L. flagellata, L. inflata, L. macrotheca, L. pedicellata, L. terminalis, L. variabilis, L. vulgaris, and Peyritschiella geminata. Laboulbenia clivinalis and L. egens are new country records for the US. Moreover, we present additional localities for L. casnoniae, L. clivinalis, L. filifera, L. flagellata, L. inflata, L. pedicellata, L. variabilis, and L. vulgaris. The following new country records are presented: Laboulbenia clivinalis, L. filifera, and L. variabilis from Canada; L. flagellata from the Democratic Republic of the Congo; L. pedicellata from Ukraine; L. vulgaris from Croatia and Slovenia (and the first undoubtful record from Slovakia). Laboulbenia flagellata was found on 11 host species in the genera Agonum, Oxypselaphus, Patrobus, Platynus, and Pterostichus. Using this abundant material, we performed morphometrics to test the hypothesis that L. flagellata is a species complex. Specimens cannot be separated based on host genus (Agonum, Pterostichus). One parameter is significant between Pterostichus mutus and each of the 4 Agonum species after applying a strong Bonferroni P-value correction: H1T, the ratio of height of cell I (HC1) to total thallus length (TTL). In addition, we collected fresh material to be able to add a molecular phylogenetic component to test said hypothesis. We generated ITS and nrLSU ribosomal sequences of several species of Laboulbenia, including isolates of L. flagellata from multiple hosts. Phylogenetic inference of the concatenated dataset shows that L. flagellata isolates from 3 host species form 2 distinct clades, providing support for our hypothesis. We also show that L. coneglianensis is separate from L. flagellata, unequivocally ending a long-standing taxonomic debate. Finally, examination of Roland Thaxter’s 1891–1932 slides led to the designation of lectotypes for L. macrothecia, L. terminalis, and P. geminata. 1Farlow Herbarium of Cryptogamic Botany, Harvard University, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138. 2Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907. 3Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic. 4Meise Botanic Garden, Nieuwelaan 38, 1860 Meise, Belgium. 5Department of Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Biological and Chemical Research Center, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland. 6Biometris, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB Wageningen, The Netherlands. 7Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706. *Corresponding author - danny.haelewaters@gmail.com. Manuscript Editor: David Richardson Research at the Boston Harbor Islands NRA 2019 Northeastern Naturalist 25(Special Issue 9):110–149 Northeastern Naturalist 111 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 Introduction The order Laboulbeniales (Ascomycota, Laboulbeniomycetes) is the most numerous group of ectoparasitic fungi, with ~2200 species placed in 142 genera (Reboleira et al. 2018). This order is composed of obligate, biotrophic ectoparasites of arthropods, mostly insects. Diversity and distribution of Laboulbeniales has been extensively studied only by specialists, who have often summarized their contributions in the form of monographs dedicated to Laboulbeniales of a specific country (e.g., Argentina [Spegazzini 1917], Belgium [De Kesel 1998 , De Kesel and Rammeloo 1997], Italy [Colla 1934], Poland [Majewski 1994], Spain [Santamaría 1998, 2003]). The study of Laboulbeniales in the United States has been mostly limited to the massive contributions by Roland Thaxter (1858–1932) and Richard K. Benjamin (1922–2002). Thaxter, a professor at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA, relied both on collectors (entomologists) sending him infected specimens and on the many specimens he himself collected, especially in New England (see Pfister 1982 for details of Thaxter’s collection localities). Despite geographical proximity, there is no evidence that he collected at the Boston Harbor Islands (Haelewaters et al. 2015a). This work is a continuation of a previous study on Laboulbeniales at the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (BHI), which reported on species associated with Coccinellidae (lady beetles) and Staphylinidae (rove beetles) (Haelewaters et al. 2015a). The work on Laboulbeniales at the BHI resulted from screening insects at the entomological collection housed at the Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology. These insects were collected for the terrestrial invertebrate All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory at the BHI (Rykken and Farrell 2013, 2018a, 2018b). The present paper focuses on Laboulbeniales found on the speciose family Carabidae (ground beetles), which comprises 31,490 species (Bousquet 2012). Carabidae are frequently infected with Laboulbeniales, yet generally harbor a limited diversity of Laboulbeniales, particularly at the generic level. In contrast to the Staphylinidae, which are parasitized by a much larger number of genera of Laboulbeniales (49), members of Carabidae host 17 genera only (Tavares 1979): Apatomyces Thaxt. (Thaxter 1931), Cesariella W. Rossi & Santam. (Rossi and Santamaría 2008), Cochliomyces Speg. (Spegazzini 1912), Corethromyces Thaxt. (Thaxter 1931, as Eucorethromyces in Thaxter 1908), Dimeromyces Thaxt. (Thaxter 1896, 1924), Dimorphomyces Thaxt. (Thaxter 1920), Dixomyces I.I. Tav. (Tavares 1985), Enarthromyces Thaxt. (Thaxter 1896), Eucantharomyces Thaxt. (Thaxter 1908), Euzodiomyces Thaxt. (Scheloske 1969), Laboulbenia Mont. & C.P. Robin (Thaxter 1896, as Ceraiomyces Thaxt. in Thaxter 1908), Misgomyces Thaxt. (Thaxter 1908, 1931), Ormomyces I.I. Tav. (Tavares 1985), Peyritschiella Thaxt. (Thaxter 1896), Picardella I.I. Tav. (Tavares 1985, as Dioicomyces Thaxt. in Thaxter 1931), Pseudoecteinomyces (Rossi 1977, as Ecteinomyces Thaxt. in Spegazzini 1915), and Rhachomyces Thaxt. (Thaxter 1896, 1931). Despite the relatively low generic diversity of Laboulbeniales, the specific diversity (numbers of species) in the genus Laboulbenia is high on Carabidae. In the first volume of his monograph, Thaxter (1896) listed 75 species of Laboulbeniales as parasites of Carabidae, of which 65 were species in the genus Laboulbenia. Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 112 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 In contrast, Staphylinidae hosted 50 species of Laboulbeniales, of which only 4 belonged to Laboulbenia. Although many species of Laboulbenia have been described since 1896, Thaxter’s findings give us a good idea of diversification patterns of Laboulbeniales on Carabidae as compared to Staphylinidae. The genus Laboulbenia The eponymous genus of the order Laboulbeniales is also the largest in the order, with over 650 accepted species and many varieties (897 taxa; Index Fungorum 2019). Species are found worldwide on Coleoptera (beetles), Diptera (flies), Hemiptera (true bugs), Hymenoptera (Formicidae; ants), Blattodea (cockroaches), Orthoptera (crickets and allies), and Acari (mites). Most Laboulbenia species are parasites of Carabidae (Majewski 1994, Santamaría 1998, Tavares 1985). Despite considerable diversity, all Laboulbenia species share the following characteristics: 4 tiers of perithecial wall cells and an insertion cell separating the appendage system from the receptacle (Santamaría 1998). Determinate development of each thallus causes each receptacle cell to carry important taxonomic information; thus, for convenience each cell is noted with a roman numeral. Most Laboulbenia species have a typically 5-celled receptacle (I–V), but some species have undivided cells III + IV or III + IV + V (especially species from Chrysomelidae and Curculionidae; Rossi et al. 2015, 2016). The vast diversity within the genus prompted first Spegazzini (1917) and then Tavares (1985) to divide Laboulbenia into morph groups. However, neither of the systems have been adopted by other scholars. Thaxter, the most prominent expert on the Laboulbeniales, died before completing the sixth and last part of his Contribution towards a Monograph of the Laboulbeniaceae that would have been dedicated to the genus Laboulbenia. The most comprehensive work dealing solely with Laboulbenia (from the Iberic peninsula) is Santamaría’s (1998) monograph. One of the most cosmopolitan and common species is L. flagellata Peyr. Described by Johann Joseph Peyritsch in 1873, it has been reported from more than 80 genera of Carabidae in many different countries, and on all continents except Antarctica (Santamaría 1998). The host of the holotype collection is unclear; Peyritsch (1873) mentioned 3 hosts: Agonum ericeti (Panzer, 1809) [as Anchomenus marginatus], Bembidion (Asioperyphus) lunatum (Duftschmid, 1812), and Paranchus albipes (Fabricius, 1796) [as Anchomenus] (Löbl and Smetana 2003). Among the many taxonomic problems in this genus, several authors have expressed the belief that L. flagellata may be a complex of (near-) cryptic species without clear delimitations (De Kesel and Van den Neucker 2006, Santamaría 1998). Because of considerable morphological variability, occurrence on various host genera, and the fact that the given taxa are found in dissimilar habitats, Laboulbenia species include many synonyms, varieties, and species of dubious position. 2, 3, … 16 species or morphotypes? Morphological variability in species of Laboulbenia and those of other genera of Laboulbeniales is expressed among host species, between sexes of the hosts, and among locations on the same host specimen. Two opposing concepts exist in Northeastern Naturalist 113 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 dealing with this variability. Some authors have described species that are restricted to a specific position on the host body (= position specificity) and to a given sex of the host (= sex-of-host specificity). Reported examples are the 16 species of Chitonomyces on Orectogyrus specularis Aubé, 1838 (Coleoptera, Gyrinidae) from Cameroon and 6 species of Laboulbenia on Bembidion grapii Gyllenhal, 1827 [as picipes] (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Illinois (Benjamin and Shanor 1952, Thaxter 1926). This specificity goes to the extreme; for example, Chitonomyces unciger Thaxt. only occurs on the claw of the left metaleg of male Laccophilus maculosus Say, 1823 aquatic beetles (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). The second view treats different forms, relating to the different types of specificity (host, position, sex-of-host) as morphotypes (or growth forms) of the same biological species. Without the support of molecular data, it is almost impossible to draw species limits among morphologically similar thalli with different hosts, or among morphologically different thalli with different positions on the same host or on different sexes of the same host (sensu Scheloske 1969, 1976). As a result, in recent years researchers have described polymorphic species of Laboulbeniales for such cases (Rossi and Kotrba 2004, Rossi and Proaño Castro 2009, Santamaría and Faille 2009) or have doubted the validity of the previously described species (De Kesel and Haelewaters 2012, 2014a). Indeed, in some cases, morphotypes are morphologically so convincing that they were incorrectly given the species rank (e.g., Thaxter 1896, but see Goldmann and Weir 2012). Although commonly accepted in mycology (Hibbett et al. 2011, 2016; Taylor et al. 2000), applying sequence-based taxonomy and phylogenetic species recognition to Laboulbeniales was long hindered by technical issues (Haelewaters et al. 2015b, Sundberg et al. 2018, Weir and Blackwell 2001). That DNA characters can provide answers to the issues of morphological variability and host specificity in Laboulbeniales was confirmed by Goldmann and Weir (2012). Using a combination of molecular, ecological, and observational data, these authors showed that the position and sex-specificity of Chitonomyces species on the aquatic beetle L. maculosus could be tied to transmission during sexual contact between hosts. Rather than 13 morphological species of Chitonomyces, there are 6 phylogenetic species each consisting of a pair (and 1 triplet) of position-related morphotypes. However, this copulatory transmission of ascospores cannot be generalized to all Laboulbeniales. Work needs to be done to deal with these issues in species that parasitize terrestrial hosts. Another approach to delineate taxa involves performing morphometric analyses. Although not often used in fungal taxonomy, the statistical analysis of large sets of measurements is employed in many disciplines of biology to provide a framework for comparing morphologies (Adams et al. 2004, Zelditch et al. 2012). Morphometric techniques have proven to be particularly useful in taxonomy of closely related or hybrid species groups, for example in the Onosma echioides (L.) L. complex (Peruzzi et al. 2008) and Prunus L. section Prunus (Depypere et al. 2009). Such rigid analytical framework is critical when delimiting species solely on the basis of morphological data, as is often the case in palaeontology (Webster and Sheets 2010). Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 114 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 When researchers identify or describe thalli of Laboulbeniales, they generally measure the length and width of individual cells and structures such as the perithecium/perithecia and the appendage(s). Statistical analyses, however, have been rarely applied in Laboulbeniales taxonomy. Statistics were used to explore the morphological variability of Laboulbenia flagellata on different carabid hosts occupying identical or different ecological niches in Belgium (De Kesel and Van den Neucker 2006). The study showed a significant inter-correlation between all measured thallus parameters, confirming that thallus proportions of L. flagellata are stable and not affected by the host. However, thallus length was significantly affected by the host, the position on the host, and its habitat. Later, Laboulbenia littoralis De Kesel & Haelew. was described employing similar morphology-based data as well as ecological data, supporting its separation from sister species L. slackensis Cépède & F. Picard (De Kesel and Haelewaters 2014b). In this paper, we present 13 records of Laboulbeniales removed from Carabidae collected at the BHI. The most commonly found species, Laboulbenia flagellata, was subjected to morphometric analyses. We hypothesize that thalli of L. flagellata from different host species would have different morphologies and that these may represent separate taxa (sensu De Kesel and Van den Neucker 2005, Haelewaters et al. 2018). We also hypothesize that thalli of single host species have different morphologies depending on the position on the host’s body. Materials Collection and examination of insects The Harvard Museum of Comparative Zoology houses a collection of the Carabidae from the BHI that includes 708 individuals representing 64 species. These specimens were collected for the ATBI from 13 islands using a variety of methods: litter sampling, pitfall traps, malaise traps, (UV and mercury-vapor) light traps, Berlese funnels, and collections made by hand and using an entomological net (for details, see Rykken and Farrell 2013). Names and classifications (family, subfamily, tribe, subtribe) of insect hosts follow the framework provided by Bouchard et al. (2011). Other sources of infected carabids reported in this paper were dried insect collections. Between 2013 and 2015, the first author had the opportunity to screen insects for the presence of Laboulbeniales at: American Museum of Natural History in New York, NY; Tupper Center of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Ancon, Panama; and Collection d’insectes du Québec, Ministère de l’Agriculture, des Pêcheries et de l’Alimentation du Québec, Québec City, QC, Canada. Some insects infected with Laboulbeniales were noted by entomologists and sent to D. Haelewaters. Morphological studies of Laboulbeniales We examined pinned insects under dissecting microscopes at 10–50x magnification for the presence of Laboulbeniales ectoparasites. We removed individual fungal thalli from their hosts at the foot and mounted them according to previously Northeastern Naturalist 115 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 described methods (Benjamin 1971, modifications in Haelewaters et al. 2015a) and observed the specimens at 400–1000x magnification for identification using relevant systematic and taxonomic sources (Santamaría 1998; Thaxter 1896, 1908, 1931). Slides are deposited at the Farlow Herbarium (FH; Harvard University, Cambridge, MA) unless otherwise indicated (CIQ = Collection d’insectes du Québec, Canada; MIUP = Museo de Invertebrados G.B. Fairchild de la Universidad de Panamá; PHREC = University of Nebraska-Lincoln Panhandle Research and Extension Center, Lincoln, NE). Laboulbenia flagellata: morphometrics and statistical analysis We photographed 155 thalli of Laboulbenia flagellata using an Olympus BX40 light microscope with Olympus XC50 digital camera. Pictures of thalli may be accessed from the figshare online repository at https://doi.org/10.6084/ m9.figshare.8214128. We employed the MicroSuite Special Edition software 3.1 (Soft Imaging Solutions GmbH) to measure taxonomically important characters. Up to 15 morphometric parameters (measurements and ratios) were taken to characterize each thallus: TTL = total thallus length, LOP = length of perithecium, LPT = LOP / TTL, WOP = width of perithecium, LWP = LOP / WOP, HC1 = height of cell I, H1T = HC1 / TTL, WC1 = width of cell I, HW1 = HC1 / WC I, HC2 = height of cell II, H2T = HC2 / TTL, WC2 = width of cell II, HW2 = HC2 / WC2, LOR = length of receptable, LRT = LOR / TTL. Parameters for all thalli are available in Supplemental Table 1 (available online at http://www.eaglehill.us/NENAonline/ suppl-files/n26-sp9-N1560h-Haelewaters-s1, and for BioOne subscribers, at https://dx.doi.org/10.1656/N1560h.s1). We analyzed thallus data in 2 ways: (1) using mixed linear models to compare means per morphometric parameter between hosts and thallus position (Littell et al. 2006) and (2) using principal component analysis (PCA) and biplots for exploratory data analysis of morphometric parameters. For each of the 15 morphometric parameters, we fitted a mixed linear model, explaining the response variable from host species, thallus position, and their interaction. Random effects for host specimens were included because multiple observations were taken from the same specimen. The setup of the data resembles a split-plot design with specimen as whole plots (and host species as whole-plot factor) and positions within specimen as sub plots (and position as sub-plot factor). The dataset, containing 140 observations (= number of thalli for which morphometric parameters were taken), was highly unbalanced; the numbers of observations differed substantially among host species (varying from 3 to 57 thalli) and among locations (varying from 1 to 64 thalli). We restricted statistical analysis to observations of only adult thalli (n = 99), judged by the presence of ascospores within the perithecium. Within this subset, the number of thalli per host species varied from 2 (for Pterostichus pensylvanicus) to 41 (for Agonum melanarium). The number of thalli per location varied from 1 (for mouthparts) to 37 (for elytra). Data were available for 20 of the 49 possible combinations of host species and thallus position. For this reason, we chose to fit the mixed model to all available data (97–99 Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 116 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 observations in total, depending on the morphometric parameter) so as to have the highest accuracy for the estimation of variance components, but to extract and report from the overall analysis only those comparisons for which enough observations were available. We chose to make comparisons only if at least 3 observations per combination of host species and position were available. This led us to the following comparisons: Comparison of host species within position on the host body: Q1.1 within elytra*: compared A. fidele, A. gratiosum, A. melanarium, A. viduum, P. mutus Q1.2 within legs: compared A. fidele, A. gratiosum, A. melanarium Q1.3 within pronotum: compared A. fidele, A. gratiosum, A. melanarium Q1.4 within ventral: compared A. fidele, A. melanarium Comparison of positions within host species: Q2.1 within A. fidele: compared elytra, legs, pronotum, ventral Q2.2 within A. gratiosum: compared antennae, elytra, legs, pronotum Q2.3 within A. melanarium: compared elytra, legs, pronotum, ventral *Note that only for comparison Q1.1 were enough data available to compare observations between host genera. For all mixed models, we made plots to check for constant variance and normality of residuals. In all cases, these assumptions appeared to hold reasonably, so that we performed the analysis on the untransformed morphometric par ameter. We made comparisons using approximate F-tests (with degrees of freedom calculated according to the method of Kenward and Roger [1997]), followed by pairwise comparisons in case of significant F-tests. Mixed models and user-defined contrasts were applied using procedure MIXED of the SAS software system (version 9.3). For a selection of morphometric parameters with significant differences between groups in the mixed linear models, we used principal component analysis (PCA) followed by exploratory biplots in an attempt to locate groups which would remain undetected in a univariate analysis. Observations were colored by host genus, host species, and thallus location. We obtained PCA and biplots using the R language and environment for statistical computing (R Core Team 2018) with the help of the ‘factoextra’ package (Kassambara 2015). Molecular work and phylogenetic analyses We realized that morphometrics and subsequent statistical analyses would not be enough to make a strong statement about the taxonomic status of L. flagellata. As a next step, we generated molecular phylogenetic data. A number of concerns arose. First, we had previously not experienced a lot of success isolating DNA and sequencing from Laboulbenia thalli. The pigment responsible for the typical darkening of many Laboulbenia species (melanin), apparently binds to the polymerase (Eckhart et al. 2000), thus inhibiting amplification. Recently, a modification of the REPLI-g Single Cell Kit (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) successfully resulted in sequences Northeastern Naturalist 117 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 from 3 ribosomal regions of Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales representatives (Haelewaters et al. 2019). This protocol adds a whole-genome amplification (WGA) step to DNA isolation, which significantly improves success. We tested this kit for Laboulbenia species. Second, all of our BHI Laboulbeniales thalli originated from pinned insects. Even though dried insect collections have many values and can be an asset in biological research (e.g., Brooks et al. 2014, Haelewaters and Rossi 2017, Johnson et al. 2011), isolating DNA from Laboulbeniales preserved dry has commonly resulted in failures (Haelewaters et al. 2015b, Weir and Blackwell 2001). For this reason, we isolated DNA from thalli removed from freshly collected insect specimens preserved in 96% ethanol. The main purpose of this molecular study was to provide proof of concept, and so the origin of material is less important (details of isolates in Table 1). Insects were collected, mostly by A. De Kesel and D. Haelewaters, and screened for Laboulbeniales under 10–50x magnification. We removed thalli at the foot using a Minuten Pin (BioQuip, Rancho Dominguez, CA, #1208SA) inserted into a wooden rod. We used between 1 and 11 thalli for DNA extraction following the manufacturer’s instructions for the REPLI-g Single Cell Kit with modifications by Haelewaters et al (2019). To ensure successful lysis, we sliced every perithecium transversally once or twice using a #10 surgical blade on disposable Bard-Parker handle (Aspen Surgical, Caledonia, MI). To gain an idea about species delimitation, we amplified the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as well as the partial nuclear large subunit rDNA (nrLSU). We used the following primers: ITS1f/ITS4 for the ITS, LabITS1/LR3 for partial ITS + nrLSU, and LIC24R/LR3 and LR0R/LR5 for the nrLSU locus (Gardes and Bruns 1993, Haelewaters et al. 2019, Hopple and Vilgalys 1994, Miadlikowska and Lutzoni 2000, Vilgalys and Hester 19990, White et al. 1990). PCR reactions (25 μL total) consisted of 13.3 μL of RedExtract Taq polymerase (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO), 2.5 μL of each 10-μM primer, 5.7 μL of ddH2O, and 1.0 μL of DNA extract. PCR conditions were as follows: initial denaturation at 94 °C for 3 min; 35 cycles of denaturation at 94 °C for 1 min, annealing at 50 °C for 45 s, and extension at 72 °C for 90 s; and final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. Purification and sequencing steps were outsourced to Genewiz (South Plainfield, NJ). Sequence reads were assembled and edited in Sequencher v5.0 (Gene Codes Corporation, Ann Arbor, MI). Newly generated sequences were submitted to GenBank (accession numbers in Table 1). We constructed a concatenated ITS + nrLSU dataset to investigate the phylogenetic structure within L. flagellata. We aligned sequences of each locus individually using Muscle v3.7 (Edgar 2004), available on the Cipres Science Gateway v3.3 (Miller et al. 2010). The aligned sequences for each region were combined in MEGA7 (Kumar et al. 2016) to create a matrix of 2002 characters with phylogenetic data for 27 isolates. We conducted maximum likelihood inference using IQ-TREE (Nguyen et al. 2015) from the command line, under partitioned models (Chernomor et al. 2016). We statistically selected appropriate models of nucleotide substitution using jModelTest2 (Darriba et al. 2012) on Cipres, under the Akaike Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 118 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 Table 1. Overview of Laboulbeniales sequences generated and/or used in this study, with indication of DNA extraction protocol (REPLI = REPLI-g Single Cell Kit, ISOLATE II = ISOLATE II Plant DNA Kit, Sundberg = methods of Sundberg et al. (2018) , QIAamp = QIAamp DNA Micro Kit, and Extract-NAmp = Extract-N-Amp Plant PCR Kit) and numbers of thalli used per extraction (juv = juvenile, sub = subadult, ad = adult), host species, growth position on the host, and country. All isolates of which sequences were used are listed, with GenBank accession numbers for ITS and nrLSU rDNA. “*” indicates sequences that were generated during the course of this study . Label Species DNA isolation # thalli Host species Position Country ITS LSU D. Haelew. 928g Hesperomyces REPLI-g 1 ad Azya orbigera Sternite Panama MG745343 MG745343 virescens D. Haelew. 1439a H. virescens REPLI-g 4 ad Harmonia axyridis Right elytron USA MN397128* MN397128* D. Haelew. 1346b Laboulbenia REPLI-g 2 ad Neolema adunata Left elytron Panama N/A MN394843* bruchii D. Haelew. 1456a L. collae REPLI-g 2 ad Agonum ruficorne Right elytron Belgium N/A MN394844* D. Haelew. 1456b L. collae REPLI-g 3 juv 6 ad Agonum ruficorne Right elytron Belgium MN397129* MN394845* D. Haelew. 1461a L. collae REPLI-g 2 sub Agonum ruficorne Pronotum Belgium MN397130* MN397130* D. Haelew. 1461b L. collae REPLI-g 9 ad Agonum ruficorne Left elytron Belgium MN397131* MN397131* MG029G L. coneglianensis ISOLATE II 7 Harpalus affinis N/A Poland N/A MN394846* MG029H L. coneglianensis ISOLATE II 20 Harpalus affinis N/A Poland N/A MN394847* D. Haelew. 1254a L. diopsidis REPLI-g 1 sub 1 ad Diopsis longicornis Left profemur Bénin N/A MN394848* D. Haelew. 1454a L. flagellata REPLI-g 3 ad Agonum assimile Right elytron Belgium MN397132* MN394849* D. Haelew. 1454b L. flagellata REPLI-g 1 juv 5 ad Agonum assimile Right elytron Belgium MN397133* MN394850* D. Haelew. 1457a L. flagellata REPLI-g 1 ad Agonum micans Left elytron Belgium N/A MN394851* D. Haelew. 1457b L. flagellata REPLI-g S 2 sub 1 ad Agonum micans Pronotum Belgium MN397134* MN394852* D. Haelew. 1457c L. flagellata REPLI-g 1 ad Agonum micans Left antenna Belgium N/A MN394853* D. Haelew. 1458a L. flagellata REPLI-g 5 juv 2 sub Agonum assimile Elytra Belgium N/A MN394854* H85-1 L. flagellata Sundberg 1 Loricera pilicornis N/A Sweden N/A KY350538 D. Haelew. 942b L. oioveliicola QIAamp 3 juv 5 ad Oiovelia machadoi Antennae Brazil N/A MF314142 H84-1 L. pedicellata Sundberg 1 Dyschirius globosus N/A Sweden N/A KY350537 D. Haelew. 967a L. sp. Extract-N-Amp 9 Chrysomelidae sp. Elytra Panama N/A MN394855* D. Haelew. 1467a L. stilicicola REPLI-g 3 ad Rugilus similis Right elytron Russia N/A MN394856* D. Haelew. 1342b L. systenae REPLI-g 6 ad Disonycha procera Sternites Panama N/A MN394857* D. Haelew. 1342c L. systenae REPLI-g 3 juv 8 ad Disonycha procera Sternites Panama N/A MN394858* D. Haelew. 1455a L. vulgaris REPLI-g 4 ad Ocys harpaloides Sternites Belgium MN397135* MN397135* D. Haelew. 1455b L. vulgaris REPLI-g 3 ad Ocys harpaloides Sternites Belgium MN397136* MN397136* D. Haelew. 1459a L. vulgaris REPLI-g 3 ad Ocys harpaloides Left elytron Belgium MN397137* MN397137* D. Haelew. 1460a L. vulgaris REPLI-g 4 ad Ocys harpaloides Pronotum Belgium MN397138* MN397138* Northeastern Naturalist 119 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 information criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc). Ultrafast bootstrapping was implemented with 1000 replicates (Hoang et al. 2017). We performed bayesian analyses using a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) coalescent approach. We performed 4 independent runs in BEAST v1.8.4 (Drummond et al. 2012) under the following conditions: strict molecular clock, assuming a constant rate of evolution across the tree; Birth–Death Incomplete Sampling speciation model (Stadler 2009) as tree prior; the appropriate substitution models as selected by jModelTest2 (under AICc); starting from a random starting tree; and 40 million generations, with sampling frequency of 4000. We entered the resulting log files in Tracer v1.6 (Rambaut et al. 2014) to check trace plots for convergence and to adjust burn-in to achieve effective sample sizes of ≥200 for the majority of sampled parameters. We removed a portion of each run as burn-in and combined log files and trees files in LogCombiner v1.8.4. We used TreeAnnotator v1.8.4 to infer the Maximum Clade Credibility tree. Final trees with support values were visualized in FigTree v1.4.3 (http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/figtree/). Taxonomy Laboulbenia anoplogenii Thaxt., Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 35:156 (1899) = Laboulbenia stenolophi Speg., Redia 10:65 (1914) Distribution and hosts. Described on Anoplogenius cyanescens (Hope, 1845) [as A. circumcinctus] (Harpalinae, Harpalini) from China. Laboulbenia anoplogenii is reported from all continents but Antarctica and South America (Santamaría et al. 1991). Hosts are representatives of subfamilies Harpalinae, Pterostichinae, and Scaritinae (Haelewaters and Yaakop 2014, Santamaria et al. 1991). One report is known from Chlaeminus Motschulsky, 1865 (subfamily Callistinae; Sugiyama and Majewski 1985). New records from the BHI. Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'8.9'N, 70°53'3.5"W, 5 October 2005, J. Rykken, on Agonoleptus conjunctus (Say, 1823) (Harpalinae, Harpalini), MCZ-ENT00600494, slides FH 00313244 (2 juvenile thalli from elytra), FH 00313245 (1 subadult thallus from right metafemur), and FH 00313246 (1 subadult thallus from left mesotibia); same data, MCZ-ENT00600496, slides FH 00313247 (3 thalli from elytra) and FH 00313248 (4 juvenile thalli from pronotum); same data, MCZ-ENT00600495, slide FH 00313249 (3 thalli from right elytron); Plymouth County, WORLD’S END, 42°15'51.9"N 70°52'37.8"E, 16 August 2006, J. Rykken, on Stenolophus ochropezus (Say, 1823), MCZENT00600505, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1469a (2 adult thalli from right elytron); same data, MCZ-ENT00600505, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1470b (1 juvenile and 1 subadult thallus from right elytron). Remarks. There is some disagreement about the status of L. anoplogenii and L. stenolophi (see Terada 2001). Santamaría (1989, 1998) suggested that both represent a single species based on the variability of the subdivisions of cell IV. This view was confirmed by Haelewaters and Yaakop (2014) after studying Thaxter’s slides deposited at the Farlow Herbarium. Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 120 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 Laboulbenia anoplogenii is also associated with species in the genus Clivina Latreille, 1802 (Scaritinae, Clivinini). However, these are considered “accidental” hosts; they occupy the same habitat as the typical hosts for L. anoplogenii, and thus transmission of ascospores is possible to the unusual host inse cts. Laboulbenia casnoniae Thaxt., Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 24:266 (1891) Distribution and hosts. Described on Colliuris pensylvanica (Linnaeus, 1767) [as Casnonia] (Lebiinae, Odacanthini) from Connecticut, US. Although many times reported from other continents, Santamaría and Rossi’s (2006) morphological studies showed that “true” L. casnoniae is restricted to C. pensylvanica in North America. New record from the BHI. Plymouth County, BUMPKIN ISLAND, 42°16'54.7''N, 70°54'.7''W, 8 August 2006, J. Rykken, on C. pensylvanica, MCZ-ENT00614592, slide FH 00313149 (3 thalli from elytra). Additional new records (non-BHI). US, NORTH CAROLINA, Mecklenburg County, Charlotte, 16 July 1968, H.P. Stockwell, on C. pensylvanica, D. Haelew. 867, STOCKWELL STRI-ENT 0 043 452, in coll. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute-Tupper Center, slides FH-D. Haelew. 867a (8 adult thalli from left elytron) and MIUP-D. Haelew. 867b (2 adult thalli from tip right elytron). Remarks. Santamaría and Rossi (2006) describe the inner appendage structure as constant and the main characteristic for the species. The basal cell of the inner appendage holds 2 simple branches that exceed the perithecial tip in length, each bearing a single antheridium at the second cell and tinged with brown at the lower portion. Earlier, thalli on European Lebiini had been identified as L. casnoniae by many authors but are truly L. notiophili Cépède & F. Picard. The structure of the inner appendage of this species is completely different, with branches/branchlets never reaching the tip of the perithecium. Laboulbenia casnoniae is known only in the US, with records from 8 states: Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, North Carolina, Ohio, and Tennessee (Santamaría and Rossi 2006, this paper). Laboulbenia clivinalis Thaxt. (Fig. 1A), Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 35:165 (1899) Distribution and hosts. Known on Clivina spp. (Scaritinae, Clivinini) from many European countries. Also reported in Africa and Asia (Santamaría et al. 1991). Scheloske (1969) mentions Patrobus atrorufus (Strøm, 1768) (Patrobinae, Patrobini) as an accidental host in Germany. New records from the BHI. Suffolk County, CALF ISLAND, 42°20'25.5"N, 70°53'48.9"W, 3–12 July 2007, J. Rykken, on C. fossor (Linnaeus, 1758), MCZENT00626706, slides FH 00313108 (2 adult thalli from left elytron) and FH 00313387 (2 adult thalli from left elytron); same data, MCZ-ENT00626659, slide FH 00313578 (3 thalli from tip right elytron); same data, MCZ-ENT00626660, slides FH 00313579 (1 adult thallus from left elytron) and FH 00313580 (2 juvenile thalli from pronotum). Northeastern Naturalist 121 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 Additional new records (non-BHI). CANADA, Québec, Collines-del’Outaouais, Eardley, 25 June 2009, R. Juan, on C. fossor, D. Haelew. 557, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide CIQ-D. Haelew. 557a (5 thalli from elytra); Figure 1. Thalli of species of Laboulbenia. (A) Laboulbenia clivinalis (slide CIQ-D. Haelew. 561b). (B) Laboulbenia terminalis (slide FH 00313313). (C) Laboulbenia variabilis (slide FH 00313311). (D) Laboulbenia filifera (slide FH00313389). (E) Laboulbenia egens, detail of appendage and perithecium (slide FH 00313112). Scale bars: A–D = 100 μm, E = 50 μm. Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 122 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 CANADA, Québec, Brome-Missisquoi, Saint-Armand, 17 August 2009, R. Juan, on C. fossor, D. Haelew. 558, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 558a (9 juvenile thalli from elytra); same data, D. Haelew. 559, slides FH-D. Haelew. 559a (6 adult thalli from elytra) and FH-D. Haelew. 559b (1 adult thallus from pronotum); same data, D. Haelew. 560, slide FH-D. Haelew. 560a (1 adult and 2 juvenile thalli from elytra); same data, 18 August 2009, R. Juan, on C. fossor, D. Haelew. 561, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slides FH-D. Haelew. 561a (6 thalli from elytra) and CIQ-D. Haelew. 561b (2 adult thalli from head); CANADA, Québec, Sainte-Foy, 27 June 2000, R. Juan, on C. fossor, D. Haelew. 562, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 562a (1 adult thallus from right elytron); CANADA, Québec, Montréal, 16 May 1915, J.I. Beaulne, on C. impressefrons LeConte, 1844, D. Haelew. 563, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 563a (4 thalli from elytra); US, KENTUCKY, Pulaski County, Somerset, 37°05'41.5608"N, 84°35'14.0964"W, 28 June 2012, B. Barnd, on C. americana Dejean, 1831, D. Haelew. 092, slide FH 00313165 (1 thallus from right elytron); UNITED KINGDOM, England, Yorkshire and the Humber Region, Mid-west Yorkshire Vice-County, Ripon Parks, 54°10'N 1°32'W, 16 June 2002, W. Dolling, on C. fossor, D. Haelew. 245, slides FH 00313399 (1 thallus from right metatrochanter) and FH 00313400 (1 juvenile thallus from left metatibia); UNITED KINGDOM, England, Yorkshire and the Humber Region, Southeast Yorkshire Vice-County, Hollym Carrs Nature Reserve, 53°41'N 0°0'E, 3 May 2013, W. Dolling, on C. fossor, D. Haelew. 271, slide FH 00313419 (4 thalli from left elytron). Remarks. Clivina species are known to host 8 species of Laboulbeniales: Dixomyces clivinae (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav., D. pallescens (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav., Laboulbenia anoplogenii (accidental), L. clivinalis, L. schizogenii Thaxt., L. timurensis T. Majewski & K. Sugiy., Ormomyces clivinae (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav., and Peyritschiella clivinae Thaxt. A literature search reveals that from the American continents, only D. clivinae (Argentina, Mexico, USA), L. pallescens (Guatemala, Mexico), L. schizogenii (Ecuador, USA), and P. clivinae (USA) were reported from Clivina spp. (Proaño Castro and Rossi 2008; Thaxter 1896, 1912, 1931). Consequently, our records of L. clivinalis from Canada and the US (Kentucky, Massachusetts) are the first for the Americas. This is perhaps not surprising, given that C. fossor was introduced from Europe to North America with the first record from Montréal, QC, Canada, in 1915 (Ball and Bousquet 2001, Bousquet 1992, Lindroth 1961). However, we also found L. clivinalis on Clivina americana and C. impressefrons, 2 American-native species (Lorenz 2017). To make things more complicated, the record of L. clivinalis on C. impressefrons (also from Montréal) is from 1915, the same year of the first North American record of C. fossor. This could either mean that L. clivinalis was co-introduced with C. fossor and then shifted to native hosts (= co-invasion; Lymbery et al. 2014) or that the fungus was already present on the American continent when C. fossor was introduced. Laboulbenia egens Speg. (Fig. 1E), Anales de la Sociedad Científica Argentina 85:323 (1918) Northeastern Naturalist 123 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 = Laboulbenia paupercula Speg., Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Naturel de Buenos Aires 27:59 (1915) Distribution and hosts. Described on Tachys sp. indet. from Italy. Known from Tachyina beetles (Trechinae, Bembidiini) in Africa, Asia, and Europe (Santamaría et al. 1991). A single record of L. egens [as L. pedicellata Thaxt.] from the Caribbean (Guadeloupe Island) on a species of Eotachys Jeannel, 1941 (Trechinae, Bembidiini, Tachyina) was reported by Balazuc (1978). Majewski (1994, 2008) mentioned 2 specimens of Bembidion octomaculatum (Goeze, 1777) (Trechinae, Bembidiini) as hosts of L. egens in Poland. New records from the BHI. Plymouth County, WORLD’S END PENINSULA, 42°16'16.4''N, 70°52'42''W, 24–30 August 2006, J. Rykken, on Bembidion frontale (LeConte, 1848), MCZ-ENT00626669, slide FH 00313112 (1 thallus); Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16’7.4”N, 70°55’14.7”W, 25 July–1 August 2008, J. Rykken, on B. frontale, MCZ-ENT00626676, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1235a (2 subadult thalli from right elytron). Remarks. Santamaría (1998) noted that L. egens is “probably cosmopolitan” on members of the subtribe Tachyina. Our reports from the BHI illustrate its presence on the North American continent for the first time. Bembidion Latreille, 1802 has only been reported once as host genus for this parasite (Majewski 1994, 2008). All reported hosts to date belong in the Bembidiini tribe; Bembidion frontale and B. octomaculatum are representatives of the Bembidiina subtribe, all other hosts belong to the subtribe Tachyina. A number of Asian collections have been erroneously identified as L. tachyis Thaxt. (Kaur et al. 1993, Sugiyama and Phanichapol 1984) even t hough these species are easily distinguished by the position of cell IV relative to cell V. In addition, some confusion exists between L. egens and some forms of L. pedicellata Thaxt. Laboulbenia pedicellata is also exclusively associated with beetles in the tribe Bembidiini. Majewski (1994) suspected there may be intermediate forms between L. egens and L. pedicellata. Bembidion octomaculata and Elaphropus parvulus (Dejean, 1831) (currently accepted name of Tachys parvulus) reproduce at the same time of year and occupy the same fluviatile habitats (Turin 2000), which could allow for an ecological shift from one host to the other (sensu De Kesel and Haelewaters 2014b). Molecular work will confirm whether L. egens is indeed separate from L. pedicellata or represents a form within its range of natural variation. Laboulbenia filifera Thaxt. (Fig 1D), Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 28:165 (1893) Distribution and hosts. Reported on several genera of subfamilies Pterostichinae and Harpalinae. Found in North America, Europe, and Asia (Majewski 2008). Described from 1 of 3 species of Anisodactylus Dejean, 1829 (Harpalinae, Harpalini) in the US, but no type designated. New records from the BHI. Suffolk County, SPECTACLE ISLAND, 42°19'26"N, 70°59'10"W, 9 May 2007, J. Rykken, on female Anisodactylus harrisii LeConte, 1863, MCZ-ENT00600759, slides FH 00313285 (4 thalli from elytra) and FH Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 124 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 00313364 (many thalli from right elytron); Suffolk County, SPECTACLE ISLAND, 42°19'34.5"N, 70°59'3.8"W, 6–20 July 2007, J. Rykken, on female Anisodactylus harrisii, MCZ-ENT00600762, slide FH 00313389 (12 thalli from elytral margins); same data, 22–27 June 2007, J. Rykken, on female Anisodactylus harrisii, MCZ-ENT00600760, slides FH 00313390 (12 thalli from lateral margin of left elytron) and FH 00313391 (10 thalli from lateral margin of left elytron; Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'9.3"N, 70°55'30.6"W, 25 July–1 August 2008, A. Clark, on female Xestonotus lugubris (Dejean, 1829) (Harpalinae, Harpalini), MCZ-ENT00600549, slide FH 00313286 (7 thalli from elytra); Plymouth County, BUMPKIN ISLAND, 42°16'52.4''N, 70°54'8.1''W 20–27 July 2006, M. Wheat, on Anisodactylus rusticus (Say, 1823), MCZ-ENT00614492, slide FH 00313147 (4 thalli from elytral margins). Additional new records (non-BHI). CANADA, Québec, Municipalité d’Oka, 16 May 1936, S. Dumont, on Anisodactylus kirbyi Lindroth, 1953, D. Haelew. 551, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 551a (3 juvenile and 6 adult thalli from right elytron); CANADA, Québec, Deux-Montagnes, Parc National d'Oka, 8 May 1994, P. Bélanger, on Anisodactylus kirbyi, D. Haelew. 553, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 553a (1 adult thallus from elytral tips). Remarks. Laboulbenia filifera is easily recognized, by its very long outer appendage that is divided above the suprabasal cell into 2 equal branches and by its darkened perithecial tip. Our material was typically much darker in the 2 upper rows of perithecial wall cells, compared to the rest of the perithecium. Xestonotus LeConte, 1853 was not previously reported for this species. This genus belongs in the subtribe Anisodactylina (subfamily Harpalinae, tribe Harpalini), along with Anisodactylus, from which L. filifera was described. Majewski (1994) suggested that the European material of L. filifera (as well as L. compressa Thaxt.) may belong to L. flagellata Peyr. Laboulbenia flagellata Peyr., Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Math.-naturw. Klasse Abt. I 68:247 (1873) = Laboulbenia elongata Thaxt., Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 27:10 (1892) Distribution and hosts. On species of Agonum Bonelli, 1810, Platynus Bonelli, 1810 (Harpalinae, Platynini), Pterostichus Bonelli, 1810 (Harpalinae, Pterostichini), and many other genera in subfamilies Anthiinae, Brachininae, Elaphrinae, Harpalinae, Loricerinae, Nebriinae, and Patrobinae. Majewski (1994) noted that species in more than 80 carabid genera can host L. flagellata. One of the most commonly reported species of Laboulbenia, known from all continents except Antarctica (Santamaría et al. 1991). New records from the BHI. Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'7.4"N, 70°55'14.7"W, 2–10 July 2008, S.W. Cho, on male Pterostichus corvinus (Dejean, 1828), MCZ-ENT00600381, slide FH 00313264 (2 thalli from pronotum); same data, on male Agonum fidele Casey, 1920, MCZ-ENT00626688, slides FH Northeastern Naturalist 125 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 00313290 (1 thallus from elytra), FH 00313291 (2 thalli from pronotum), FH-D. Haelew. 201c (3 adult thalli from left elytron, FH-D. Haelew. 201d (1 thallus from right metatarsus), and FH-D. Haelew. 201e (4 thalli from sternites); same data, on female Agonum fidele, MCZ-ENT00626684, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1195a (2 adult thalli from pronotum); same data, on female Agonum fidele, MCZ-ENT00626685, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1196a (2 juvenile thalli from left elytron), FH-D. Haelew. 1196b (2 adult thalli from right mesofemur), FH-D. Haelew. 1196c (1 adult from left metatarsus), FH-D. Haelew. 1196d (1 thallus from proximal margin of pronotum), and FH-D. Haelew. 1196e (4 thalli from last sernite); same data, on male Agonum fidele, MCZ-ENT00626686, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1197a (2 thalli from left elytron) and FH-D. Haelew. 1197b (3 thalli from left protrochanter); same data, on male Agonum fidele, MCZ-ENT00626687, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1198b (1 subadult and 3 adult thalli from right elytron), FH-D. Haelew. 1198c (1 adult thallus from left elytron), and FH-D. Haelew. 1198d (1 adult thallus from left labial palp); same data, on female Agonum gratiosum (Mannerheim, 1853), MCZENT00626690, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1084a (1 adult thallus from pronotum); same data, on male Agonum gratiosum, MCZ-ENT00626691, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1085a (3 thalli from pronotum and elytra); same data, on female Agonum melanarium Dejean, 1828, MCZ-ENT00600569, slide FH 00313289 (3 thalli from pronotum); same data, on female Agonum melanarium, MCZ-ENT00600573, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1217a (1 adult thallus from right elytron); same data, on female Agonum melanarium, MCZ-ENT00600572, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1218a (2 juvenile thalli from left elytral shoulder); same data, 14–22 August 2008, J. McCarron, on female Agonum gratiosum, MCZ-ENT00626689, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1083a (1 juvenile and 6 adult thalli from elytra around scutellum); same data, on female Agonum melanarium, MCZ-ENT00600574, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1216a (1 adult thallus from pronotum); same data, 30 May–12 June 2008, J. Rykken, on female Agonum fidele, MCZ-ENT00626683, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1194a (1 adult thallus from head); same data, on female Agonum melanarium, MCZ-ENT00626694, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1201a (6 thalli from pronotum), FH-D. Haelew. 1201b (8 thalli from elytra), and FH-D. Haelew. 1201c (1 thallus from left eye); Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'8"N, 70°55'13.3"W, 27 September–20 October 2005, J. Rykken, on male Patrobus longicornis (Say, 1823), MCZ-ENT00626654, slides FH 00313295 (3 thalli from elytra), FH 00313581 (4 thalli from elytra), and FH 00313582 (1 subadult thallus from right elytral tip); same data, on female Patrobus longicornis, MCZ-ENT00626709, slides FH 00313383 (2 juvenile thalli from right elytron) and FH 00313384 (2 juvenile thalli from elytra); same data, on female Patrobus longicornis, MCZ-ENT00626707, slide FH 00313385 (1 adult and 2 juvenile thalli from right elytron); Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'5"N 70°55'19.8"W, 20–27 October 2005, J. Rykken, on male Pterostichus mutus (Say, 1823), MZCENT00600424, slides FH 00313273 (3 thalli from elytra) and FH-D. Haelew. 480b (4 adult thalli from elytra); Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'15.3"N, 70°55'2.7"W, 30 May–12 June 2008, J. Rykken, on male Pterostichus pensylvanicus LeConte, 1873, MCZ-ENT00600478, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1206a (2 adult Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 126 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 thalli from right elytral tip); same data, on male Pterostichus pensylvanicus, MCZENT00600479, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1207a (1 adult thallus from left prosternum); Suffolk County, CALF ISLAND, 42°20'25.5"N, 70°53'48.9"W, 31 July–7 August 2007, S. Madden, on Pterostichus patruelis (Dejean, 1831), MCZ-ENT00600438, slide FH 00313284 (2 thalli from elytra); same data, 3–12 July 2007, J. Rykken, on female Agonum gratiosum, MCZ-ENT00626693, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1087a (4 subadult thalli from pronotum); same data, on Pterostichus patruelis, MCZENT00600446, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1215a (1 subadult thallus from right elytron) and FH-D. Haelew. 1215b (2 adult thalli from right profemur); same data, 17–24 July 2007, S. Madden, on Pterostichus patruelis, MCZ-ENT00600451, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1210a (1 adult thallus from right proepisternum) and FH-D. Haelew. 1210b (3 adult thalli from lateral margin of right elytron); same data, on Pterostichus patruelis, MCZ-ENT00600450, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1212a (1 adult and 4 subadult thalli from lateral margin of right elytron); same data, on Pterostichus patruelis, MCZ-ENT00600449, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1213a (6 subadult thalli from lateral margin of right elytron); same data, on Pterostichus patruelis, MCZ-ENT00600448, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1214a (1 adult and 2 subadult thalli from right elytron); Suffolk County, GREAT BREWSTER ISLAND, 42°19'50"N, 70°53'47.9"W, 24 July–2 August 2006, R. Becker, on female Agonum gratiosum, MCZ-ENT00626692, slides FH 00313292 (3 thalli from right antenna), FH-D. Haelew. 1086a (6 adult thalli from scapi of antennae), and FH-D. Haelew. 1086b (4 adult thalli from profemora and -tibiae); Plymouth County, WORLD'S END PENINSULA, 42°16'16.4"N, 70°52'42"W, 22–27 June 2006, J. Rykken, on female Agonum melanarium, MCZ-ENT00626700, slides FH 00313293 (2 thalli from elytra) and FH 00313294 (2 thalli from pronotum); same data, on male Agonum melanarium, MCZ-ENT00626696, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1203a (2 thalli from pronotum) and FH-D. Haelew. 1203b (1 adult thallus from right elytron); same data, on female Agonum melanarium, MCZ-ENT00626697, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1204a (2 adult thalli from pronotum), FH-D. Haelew. 1204b (1 adult thallus from left elytron), and FH-D. Haelew. 1204c (1 adult thallus from right metatrochanter); same data, on female Agonum melanarium, MCZ-ENT00626698, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1205a (1 adult thallus from pronotum), FH-D. Haelew. 1205b (1 adult thallus from right elytron), FH-D. Haelew. 1205c (1 adult thallus from left metatibia), and FHD. Haelew. 1205d (3 subadult thalli from left mesocoxa); same data, 25 July–4 August 2006, R. Becker, on female Agonum ferreum Haldeman, 1843, MCZENT00626657, slides FH 00313299 (5 thalli from elytra), FH 00313300 (4 thalli from pronotum), and FH 00313584 (8 juvenile and 2 adult thalli from left elytron); same data, 24–30 July 2006, J. Rykken, MCZ-ENT00626695, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1202a (3 thalli from pronotum), FH-D. Haelew. 1202b (8 thalli from elytra), FH-D. Haelew. 1202c (2 adult thalli from left metatrochanter), FH-D. Haelew. 1202d (3 adult thalli from right profemur), FH-D. Haelew. 1202e (12 thalli from meso- and metasternum), and FH-D. Haelew. 1202f (1 adult thalli from left mesofemur). Additional new records (non-BHI). CANADA, Québec, municipalité d’Oka, 2 June 1934, S. Dumont, on Pterostichus caudicalis, D. Haelew. 580, in Collection Northeastern Naturalist 127 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 580a (2 juvenile thalli from pronotum, L. cf. flagellata); DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO, Orientale Province, Kisangani [as Stanleyville], 0°30'N, 25°10'E, 20 August 1909, H. Lang & J. Chapin, on Abacetus audax Laferte-Senectere, 1853 (Harpalinae, Abacetini), D. Haelew. 329, in coll. American Museum of Natural History, slide FH 00313551 (2 adult thalli from right elytron); US, MASSACHUSETTS, Barnstable County, Eastham, premises of Eagle Wing Inn, 7 May 2016, W.P. Pfliegler, on Agonum sp., D. Haelew. 1029, slide D. Haelew. 1029a (4 subadult thalli from elytra). Laboulbenia inflata Thaxt., Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 27:41 (1892) Distribution and hosts. Described from South Dakota, USA. In the original description (Thaxter 1892), Bembidion sp. (Trechinae, Bembidiini) was given as host, but this is likely a misidentification. Thaxter (1896) only mentioned Bradycellus rupestris (Say, 1823) (Harpalinae, Harpalini) as host species. In his synoptic key, Thaxter (1894) mentioned L. inflata to be associated with B. rupestris. Laboulbenia inflata is thus far reported on species of Acupalpus Latreille, 1829, Stenolophus Dejean, 1821, and Bradycellus Erichson, 1837 (Harpalinae, Harpalini) in North America (US), South America (Argentina, Galápagos Archipelago), Europe (Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain), and Asia (South Korea) (De Kesel 1998, Haelewaters et al. 2014, Majewski 2008, Rossi et al. 2018). New records from the BHI. Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'8.9"N, 70°55'11.8"W, 22 September 2005, J. Rykken, on Acupalpus hydropicus (Leconte, 1863), MCZ-ENT00626705, slides FH 00313302 (1 thallus from pronotum) and FH 00313365 (2 thalli from right elytron); same data, 27 September–4 October 2005, J. Rykken, on Acupalpus nanellus Casey, 1914, MCZ-ENT00626655, slide FH 00313303 (1 thallus from right elytron); Suffolk County, CALF ISLAND, 42°20'28.2''N, 70°53'46''W, 23–30 October 2007, J. Rykken, on Elaphropus incurvus (Say, 1830) (Trechinae, Bembidiini), MCZ-ENT00626644, slide FH 00313135 (1 thallus); Suffolk County, GREAT BREWSTER ISLAND, 42°20'1.7''N, 70°53'48.1''W, 14–21 June 2006, J. Rykken, on Elaphropus vernicatus (Casey, 1918), MCZ-ENT00626651, slide FH 00313137 (1 thallus); Plymouth County, WORLD’S END PENINSULA, 42°15'51.9"N, 70°52'37.8"E, 16 August 2006, J. Rykken, on Stenolophus ochropezus, MCZ-ENT00600506, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1470a (1 adult thallus from left proepisternum). Additional new records (non-BHI). US, NEBRASKA, Scotts Bluff County, Fanning, 41°56'59"N, 103°42'18"W, “401 Zone-tillage”, 19 June 2013, R.J. Pretorius & H. Pretorius, on Elaphropus anceps (LeConte, 1848), D. Haelew. 237, in coll. Panhandle Research and Extension Center, slide FH-D. Haelew. 237a (3 adult thalli from elytra); same data, “106 Plowed”, 10 July 2013, R.J. Pretorius & H. Pretorius, on Elaphropus anceps, D. Haelew. 1480, in coll. Panhandle Research and Extension Center, slides PHREC-D. Haelew. 1480a (1 adult thallus from prosternum) and PHREC-D. Haelew. 1480b (1 adult thallus from pronotum); same data, “403 Plowed”, 19 June 2013, R.J. Pretorius & H. Pretorius, on Elaphropus anceps, Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 128 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 D. Haelew. 1481, in coll. Panhandle Research and Extension Center, slide PHRECD. Haelew. 1481a (3 thalli from right profemur). Remarks. Laboulbenia inflata is easily recognized by the black and constricted basal septa of the lower cells of its appendages. In addition, its outer appendage is simple, the inner appendage consists of 2–3 simple branches, and the peritheciumbearing thallus is paired with a small filiform thallus consisting of 6–7 superposed cells (Arndt and Desender 2002, De Kesel 1997). Dioecism in L. inflata has yet not been proven unequivocally. Santamaría (1996), however, cites ascospores that are built to be released in pairs, the trichogyne that grows downward (in L. marina F. Picard), and the presumed male thallus of which the uppermost cell functions as an antheridium as evidence of dioecy for both L. inflata and L. marina. Thaxter (1892, 1896) reported L. inflata in Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and South Dakota (type). Since then, no reports of this species have been published for North America. Consequently, our records represent the first North American collections in over a century. The records from Nebraska are the first ones for this US state. Laboulbenia macrotheca Thaxt., Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 30:474 (1895) Lectotype, designated here. USA, Maine, Kittery Point, 23 June 1893, [R. Thaxter], on Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis (Fabricius, 1798) (Harpalinae, Harpalini), slide FH 00313740 (5 adult thalli). Typification identifier: IF556762. Distribution and hosts. Described from Anisodactylus sanctaecrucis [as Anisodactylus “baltimorensis” = baltimoriensis] in Maine, USA, and Anisodactylus sp. in New Brunswick, Canada, but no type designated. Known on species of Anadaptus Casey, 1914, Anisodactylus (Harpalinae, Harpalini, Anisodactylina), Harpalus Latreille, 1802, Ophonus Dejean, 1821, and Trichotichnus Morawitz, 1863 (Harpalinae, Harpalini, Harpalina) in North America, Europe, and Asia (Santamaría 1993). New records from the BHI. Suffolk County, SPECTACLE ISLAND, 6 July 2007, on Harpalus opacipennis (Haldemann, 1843) (Harpalinae, Harpalini), MCZ-ENT, slide FH 00313150 (5 thalli); Suffolk County, GREAT BREWSTER ISLAND, 42°19'50''N, 70°53'47.9''W, 23–30 August 2006, S. Madden, on male Harpalus somnulentus Dejean, 1829, MCZ-ENT00614730, slide FH 00313152 (5 thalli). Remarks. Majewski (1994) includes this species among the synonyms of L. flagellata. In the absence of molecular phylogenetic data for L. macrotheca, we follow Santamaría’s (1998) morphological arguments to consider it a separate taxon. Since L. flagellata is a species complex (see Results) and considering previous results (e.g., in the genus Hesperomyces; Haelewaters et al. 2018), we think that currently the best practice is not to synonymize taxa without the inclusion of molecular characters. Because Thaxter (1895, 1896, 1908) designated no type specimen, we decided to re-examine Thaxter’s slides of L. macrotheca, which are deposited at FH. This led to our selection of a slide to serve as lectotype. Laboulbenia pedicellata Thaxt., Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 27:44 (1892) Northeastern Naturalist 129 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 Distribution and hosts. Described from Bembidion sp. in Maine, USA. On many species of the genera Bembidion Latreille, 1802 sensu lato (Trechinae, Bembidiini) and Dyschirius Bonelli, 1810 (Scaritinae, Dyschiriini). Widely distributed, with reports in many European countries (most recently from Bulgaria), North America, South America, Africa, and Asia (Santamaría et al. 1991, Majewski 2008, Rossi et al. 2018). New records from the BHI. Suffolk County, THOMPSON ISLAND, 42°18'52.1''N, 71°0'43.1''W, 2–9 October 2006, B.D. Farrell & OEB10, on Dyschirius globulosus (Say, 1823), MCZ-ENT00626664, slides FH 00313134 (1 thallus), FH 00313304 (1 thallus from pronotum), and FH-D. Haelew. 1081a (2 adult thalli from left profemur); Suffolk County, THOMPSON ISLAND, 42°18'50"N, 71°0'47.1"W, 3–13 July 2007, J. Rykken, on Dyschirius globulosus, MCZ-ENT00626663, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1082a (from distal tip of right elytron). Additional new records (non-BHI). US, NEW HAMPSHIRE, 16 July 1928, A. Nicolay, on Bembidion versicolor (LeConte, 1848), D. Haelew. 134, in coll. American Museum of Natural History, slide FH 00313343 (1 thallus from proximal third of right elytron); UKRAINE, Crimean Peninsula, Yevpatoriya [as Eupatoria], 11 May 1943, P. Rubtzov, on Bembidion sp., D. Haelew. 307, in coll. American Museum of Natural History, slide FH 00313446 (1 thallus from righthand side sternite). Remarks. This is the second report of this species in the US, after the type. Thus far, L. pedicellata is only known in the northeastern states of Maine (Thaxter 1892) and Massachusetts and New Hampshire (this study). The report from Ukraine represents a new country record. Laboulbenia pedicellata belongs to a group of taxa with similar morphologies, including L. clivinalis, L. gregaria W. Rossi, L. lichtensteinii F. Picard, L. littoralis De Kesel & Haelew., L. luxurians Peyr., L. parriaudii Balazuc ex Santam., L. patrata Thaxt., L. slackensis Cépède & F. Picard, and L. tenera T. Majewski. These seem to occur on hosts from riparian habitats and have thalli that are recognized by (1) cells IV and V being equal in height with a vertical septum, and (2) a dark and constricted septum between the basal and suprabasal cells of the outer appendage. Huldén (1985), Majewski (1994), and Santamaría (1998) discuss the morphological variability of L. pedicellata; some forms may be separated as distinct species in the future. Laboulbenia terminalis Thaxt. (Fig. 1B), Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 30:475 (1895) Lectotype, designated here. USA, Massachusetts, Belmont/Waltham, Waverley neighborhood, 27 September 1893, R. Thaxter, on Pterostichus luctuosus (Dejean, 1828) (Harpalinae, Pterostichini), slide FH 00313741 (5 thalli forming complete developmental series). Typification identifier: IF556763. Distribution and hosts. Only known from the US (Maine and Massachusetts) on Pterostichus luctuosus. Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 130 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 New records from the BHI. Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'7.4"N, 70°55'14.7"W, 2–10 July 2008, S.W. Cho, on male Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZENT00600395, slide FH 00313308 (3 thalli from sternite VII); Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'7.4"N, 70°55'14.7"W, 25 July–1 August 2008, A. Clark, on male Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600397, slides FH 00313310 (1 thallus from sternite VI) and FH 00313313 (1 thallus from last sternite); same data, MCZ-ENT00600398, slide FH 00313575 (1 juvenile thallus from pro notum). Remarks. These collections are the first of this species reported in over a century. Thaxter (1895) suggested this species was restricted to the elytral tips and the abdomen. We assume that these observations may have been premature based on an insufficient amount of material. Thaxter (1896:317) did mention that this species is “comparatively rare”. We have found 1 thallus from the host’s pronotum. We found 3 specimens of P. luctuosus with this species. One of these insects (MCZ-ENT00600395) carried a triple infection by L. terminalis, L. variabilis Thaxt., and Peyritschiella geminata Thaxt. The other 2 specimens carried a double infection of L. terminalis and L. variabilis. Double infections of Laboulbeniales are reported regularly: e.g., Corethromyces henrotii Balazuc ex Balazuc and Diphymyces kaaistoepi Haelew. & De Kesel [as Corethromyces cholevae nom. prov.] on Choleva cisteloides (Frölich, 1799) (De Kesel and Rammeloo 1992, De Kesel 1997); Gloeandromyces spp. and Nycteromyces streblidinus Thaxt. on Trichobius joblingi Wenzel, 1966 (Walker et al. 2018); Herpomyces chaetophilus Thaxt. and H. periplanetae Thaxt. on Periplaneta americana (Linnaeus, 1758) (Wang et al. 2016); Hesperomyces coleomegillae W. Rossi & A. Weir and H. palustris W. Rossi & A. Weir on Coleomegilla maculata (DeGeer, 1775) (Goldmann et al. 2013); Laboulbenia claudei Santam. & Faille and L. strigomeri Santam. & Faille on Strigomerus girardi Straneo, 1991 (Santamaría and Faille 2009); and Rickia laboulbenioides De Kesel and Troglomyces manfrediae S. Colla on an unidentified Julidae millipede (C. Gerstmans and A. De Kesel, pers. observ.). Mixed infections with more than 2 species of Laboulbeniales, on the other hand, are much harder to find in the literature. The classic example, species of Chitonomyces Peyr. on Laccophilus spp. and Orectogyrus specularis (Dejean, 1833) (Goldmann and Weir 2012, Thaxter 1926), is often cited. Cases with species in 3 genera of Laboulbeniales occurring on a single host are excessively rare and reported only from flies (Rossi 1982) and beetles (Rossi 1992). Other examples that we are aware of include 3 species of Dioicomyces Thaxt. simultaneously parasitizing Anthicus floralis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Thaxter 1908): Laboulbenia barbara Middelh. & Boelens, L. philonthi Thaxt., and Peyritschiella vulgata (Thaxt.) I.I. Tav. on Philonthus quisquilarius (Gyllenhal, 1810); and Cantharomyces denigratus Thaxt., C. italicus Speg, and Helodiomyces elegans F. Picard on Dryops luridus (Erichson, 1847) (De Kesel and Haelewaters 2014a). Thaxter (1895, 1896) designated no type for this species. Of several available slides present at FH of collections made in the Waverly neighborhood, MA, on the same day, slide FH 00313741 is in beautiful condition and contains a developmental series with 5 thalli. This specimen is designated above as the lectotype. Northeastern Naturalist 131 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 Laboulbenia variabilis Thaxt. (Fig. 1C), Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 27:38 (1892) Distribution and hosts. Described on several carabid species from various localities in the US. Known on species of Chlaenius Bonelli, 1810 (Licininae, Chlaeniini), Nebria Latreille, 1802 (Nebriinae, Nebriini), Omophron Latreille, 1802 (Omophroninae, Omophronini), Patrobus Dejean, 1821 (Trechinae, Patrobini), Platynus (Platyninae, Platynini), and Pterostichus (Harpalinae, Pterostichini) in North and South America. Also reported from Tetracha spp. (Cicindelinae, Megacephalini) in Ecuador (Arndt et al. 2003, Thaxter 1908). New records from the BHI. Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42º16'7.4"N, 70º55'14.7"W, 25 July–1 August 2008, A. Clark, on male Pterostichus caudicalis (Say, 1823), MCZ-ENT00600357, slides FH 00313265 (1 thallus from left leg), FH 00313266 (5 thalli from elytra), and FH-D. Haelew. 1145a (1 adult thallus from right elytron); same data, on male Pterostichus caudicalis, MCZ-ENT00600358, slides FH 00313267 (2 thalli from prosternum), FH 00313268 (4 thalli from elytra), and FH 00313269 (1 thallus from right mesoleg); same data, on male Pterostichus caudicalis, MZC-ENT00600359, slides FH 00313270 (3 thalli from elytra), FH 00313271 (3 thalli from gena), and FH 00313272 (2 thalli from left proleg); same data, 2–10 July 2008, S.W. Cho, on male Pterostichus caudicalis, MCZ-ENT00600353, slide FH-D. Haelew. 481b (from left mesofemur); same data, on female Pterostichus corvinus, MCZ-ENT00600369, slide FH 00313263 (5 thalli from elytra); same data, on male Pterostichus corvinus, MCZ-ENT00600361, slide FH-D. Haelew. 1208a (2 juvenile thalli from proximal margin of right elytron); same data, on male Pterostichus corvinus, MCZ-ENT00600362, slides FH-D. Haelew. 1209a (1 juvenile thallus from right clypeo-ocular prolongation) and FH-D. Haelew. 1209b (1 juvenile thallus from left elytron); same data, 25 July–1 August 2008, A. Clark, on female Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600389, slide FH 00313275 (5 thalli from elytra); same data, on female Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600390, slides FH 00313276 (4 thalli from elytra) and FH 00313277 (1 thallus from prosternum); same data, on female Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600391, slides FH 00313280 (2 thalli from elytra), FH 00313281 (2 thalli from right epipleuron), and FH 00313282 (1 thallus from right proleg); same data, on male Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600397, slides FH 00313311 (3 thalli from left elytron) and FH 00313312 (1 thallus from left mesofemur); same data, on male Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600398, slides FH 00313574 (1 juvenile and 3 adult thalli from left mesofemur) and FH 00313576 (2 adult thalli from right metasternum); same data, 2–10 July 2008, S.W. Cho, on male Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600394, slide FH 00313305 (1 thallus from right mesofemur); same data, on male Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600395, slides FH 00313307 (3 thalli from right proepisternum) and FH 00313309 (2 thalli from mesepisternum); same data, 8–16 October 2008, J. Rykken, on male Patrobus longicornis, MCZENT00626708, slides FH 00313378 (1 thallus from distal part of right elytron), FH 00313379 (6 thalli from lateral margin of right elytron), and FH 00313382 (1 adult thallus from proximal margin of right elytron); Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42º16'8"N, 70º55'13.3"W, 27 September–20 October 2005, J. Rykken, on female Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 132 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600384, slide FH 00313274 (2 thalli from elytra); same data, on female Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600385, slide FH 00313577 (3 adult thalli from elytral shoulders); same data, on male Patrobus longicornis, MCZ-ENT00626654, slides FH 00313581 (1 juvenile thallus from elytra) and FH 00313582 (1 juvenile thallus from tip of right e lytron). Additional new records (non-BHI). CANADA, Québec, municipalité d’Oka, 2 June 1934, S. Dumont, on Pterostichus caudicalis, D. Haelew. 580, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 580b (3 adult thalli from junction of left metafemur and -tibia); CANADA, Québec, Ville de Québec, 28 August 1952, J.-P. Laplante, on Pterostichus caudicalis, D. Haelew. 581, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 581a (5 juvenile thalli from left elytron); CANADA, Québec, municipalité de Nicolet, 2 September 1963, no collector, on Pterostichus caudicalis, D. Haelew. 582, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slides FH-D. Haelew. 582a (4 adult thalli from elytral tips) and CIQ-D. Haelew. 582b (3 adult thalli from right metafemur); CANADA, Québec, Nicolet- Bécancour, 1 June 1968, C. Chantal, on Chlaenius cordicollis Kirby, 1837 (Harpalinae, Chlaeniini), D. Haelew. 866, STOCKWELL STRI-ENT 0 043 373, in coll. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute-Tupper Center, slides FH-D. Haelew. 866a (3 thalli from elytra) and MIUP-D. Haelew 866b (3 thalli from elytra); US, SOUTH CAROLINA, Calhoun County, Congaree River, 20 April 1968, H.P. Stockwell, on Chlaenius aestivus Say, 1823, D. Haelew. 856, STOCKWELL STRI-ENT 0 043 370, in coll. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute-Tupper Center, slides FH-D. Haelew. 865a (3 adult thalli from elytra) and MIUP-D. Haelew. 865b (1 adult thallus from right metatibia). Remarks. In North America, L. variabilis has been reported from California, Connecticut, Louisiana, “Maine to Florida”, Nebraska, New York, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Virginia, and Washington in the US as well as from Cuba and Mexico (Thaxter 1892, 1896, 1908). In South America, collections are known from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Ecuador (Arndt et al. 2003; Thaxter 1896, 1908). Here we report the first records from Canada, removed from 2 host species—Pterostichus caudicalis and Chlaenius cordicollis. On 7 host specimens of 2 species, we observed mixed infections of L. variabilis and at least 1 other species of Laboulbeniales. On 2 specimens of Patrobus longicornis (MCZ-ENT00626654, MCZ-ENT00626708), we found both L. flagellata and L. variabilis. On Pterostichus caudicalis, we found mixed infections with L. terminalis and L. variabilis (3 specimens: MCZ-ENT00600394, MCZ-ENT00600397, MCZ-ENT00600398); with L. variabilis and Peyritschiella geminata (1 specimen: MCZ-ENT00600390); or with all 3 species (1 specimen: MCZ-ENT006 00395). Laboulbenia variabilis as currently circumscribed is easily recognized. Cells IV and V carry apically a number of small cells that serve as basal cells for the numerous appendages. The appendages can be branched, with the lower cells somewhat inflated, divided by dark and constricted septa, and the other cells towards the distal end slenderer and tapering. However, L. variabilis is a potential problematic taxon regarding species delimitation. It has been reported from many host species Northeastern Naturalist 133 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 and genera in different subfamilies. As is the case for L. flagellata, it may be that different hosts (species or genera) carry distinct cryptic or near-cryptic phylogenetic species. This taxon shows considerable variation in size (although this can even be observed on the same host specimen). Thaxter (1896:351) highlighted “specimens on Pterostichus caudicalis measuring over a millimeter and a half, while many individuals on Omophron are less than 200 μm in length”. Finally, morphological features are also variable among thalli, such as the perithecial shape and position. Laboulbenia variabilis is a good candidate for dedicated species-level taxonomic work, which should include collection of fresh material, a morphometric approach with consideration of previously neglected morphological characters, and generation of ITS and nrLSU rDNA sequences. In his description of L. variabilis, Thaxter (1892) did not designate a type, neither did he describe what he thought of as the “typical” host. Thaxter’s collection at FH consists of about 70 slides of L. variabilis. Many of them are in bad condition and have missing metadata; in several occasions, no host name is provided. For this reason, we decided not to designate a lectotype. Instead, we think designating an epitype (fide Turland et al. 2018) would be best practice, after detailed study and with associated DNA sequence data. Laboulbenia vulgaris Peyr., Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Classe Abt. I 68:248 (1873) Distribution and hosts. On numerous species of Trechinae (mostly Bembidion sensu lato, Trechus Clairville, 1806 sensu lato, and Trechoblemus Ganglbauer, 1891) and other hosts of different subfamilies of Carabidae (Santamaría et al. 1991). Widely distributed, with records in North and South America, Europe, Africa, and Asia. New records from the BHI. Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'7.4"N, 70°55'14.7"W, 25 July–1 August 2008, A. Clark, on Bembidion graciliforme Hayward, 1897, MCZ-ENT00626677, slides FH 00313296 (4 thalli from elytra) and FH 00313297 (4 thalli from left mesoleg); same data, MCZ-ENT00626678, slide FH 00313298 (2 thalli from elytra). Additional new records (non-BHI). CROATIA, Split-Dalmatia County, Dugopolje, Mosor Mountains, Maklutača špilja [cave], 29 August 2010, D. Čeplík, on Duvalius (Euduvalius) erichsonii netolitzkyi Müller, 1908 (Trechinae, Trechini), D. Haelew. 136, in pers. coll. Dávid Čeplík, slides FH 00313195 (2 adult thalli from left elytron) and FH 00313196 (2 adult thalli from right elytron); same data, D. Haelew. 137, in pers. coll. Dávid Čeplík, slides FH 00313197 (2 adult thalli from left elytron), FH 00313198 (2 adult thalli from proximal third of left elytron), and FH 00313199 (2 adult thalli from right elytron); SLOVAKIA, Košice Region, Slovenský kras, Silická planina plateau, Závozná priepasť [cave], 48°33'36.26"N, 20°28'47.08"E, 8 May 2000, D. Čeplík, on Duvalius hungaricus sziliczensis (Csiki, 1912) (Carabidae, Trechinae), D. Haelew. 140, in pers. coll. Dávid Čeplík, slides FH 00313205 (4 juvenile and 7 adult thalli from distal third of right elytron) and FH 00313206 (3 juvenile, 1 subadult and 2 adult thalli from right elytron); SLOVENIA, Savinja Statistical Region, Studence, Steska cave, 370 m a.s.l., April 1995, M. Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 134 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 Egger, on Anophthalmus hitleri Scheibel, 1933 (Trechinae, Trechini), D. Haelew. 141, slides FH 00313207 (1 thallus from pronotum) and FH 00313208 (3 adult thalli from right elytron); UNITED KINGDOM, England, Yorkshire and the Humber Region, South-east Yorkshire Vice-County, Elstronwick, Brook Farm, 53°46'N, 00°07'W, 10 October 1994, W. Dolling, on Ocys harpaloides (Audinet-Serville, 1821) (Trechinae, Bembidiini), D. Haelew. 273, slides FH 00313421 (6 adult thalli from elytra) and FH 00313422 (5 adult slides from pronotum); CANADA, Québec, Harrington, 1 July 1971, A. Larochelle, on Trechus apicalis Motschulsky, 1845 (Carabidae, Trechinae, Trechini), D. Haelew. 571, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 571a (1 subadult and 3 adult thalli from pronotum); same data, D. Haelew. 572, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 572a (1 subadult thallus from pronotum); same data, D. Haelew. 573, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slides FH-D. Haelew. 573a (2 adult thalli from pronotum) and CIQ-D. Haelew. 573b (3 juvenile and 6 adult thalli from elytra); CANADA, Québec, Saint-Augustin-de-Desmaures, 6 June 1954, J.-P. Laplante, on Trechus apicalis, D. Haelew. 574, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 574a (4 juvenile thalli from left elytron); CANADA, Québec, Charlevoix- Est, Baie-Sainte-Catherine, 17 August 1992, P. Bélanger, on Trechus apicalis, D. Haelew. 575, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 575a (5 thalli from pronotum and right elytron); CANADA, Québec, Les Appalaches, Municipalité de Saint-Jacques-de-Leeds, 17 July 1992, no collector, on Trechus apicalis, D. Haelew. 576, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 576a (3 thalli from elytra); CANADA, Québec, L’Île d'Anticosti, Port-Menier, 13 July 1971, A. Larochelle, on Bembidion bruxellense Wesmael, 1835 (Carabidae, Trechinae, Bembidiini), D. Haelew. 578, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slides FH-D. Haelew 578a (6 thalli from pronotum) and CIQ-D. Haelew. 578b (1 juvenile and 2 adult thalli from elytra); same data, D. Haelew. 579, in Collection d’insectes du Québec, slide FH-D. Haelew. 579a (2 subadult thalli from right elytron). Remarks. The presence of L. vulgaris in Croatia and Slovenia is reported here for the first time. Additionally, our report from Slovakia is the first undoubted record from this country. Stadelmann and Poelt (1962) reported L. vulgaris on Bembidion millerianum Heyden, 1883 from “Tschechoslowakei: Beskiden”. Only a small part of the Beskid Mountains stretches to what is now Slovakia, but we cannot know for certain where that cited host specimen was collected. Peyritschiella geminata Thaxt., Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 29:101 (1894) Lectotype, designated here. USA, Maine, Kittery Point, 1 September 1893, [R. Thaxter], on Pterostichus luctuosus (Dejean, 1828) (Harpalinae, Pterostichini), slide FH 00313743 (2 adult thalli). Typification identifier: IF556764. Distribution and hosts. Described from Pterostichus luctuosus and P. patruelis (Harpalinae, Pterostichini) in Maine, USA. Thaxter (1896) added an additional record from Pterostichus multipunctatus (Dejean, 1828) [as P. erythropus] in Massachusetts, USA. This host species, however, has a European distribution (Lorenz 2019) and thus likely represents a misidentification. Reported in Poland only Northeastern Naturalist 135 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 once from a single individual of Pterostichus nigrita (Paykull, 1790), based on 3 thalli of which only 1 was adult (Majewski 1999, 2003). New records from the BHI. Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'7.4"N, 70°55'14.7"W, 25 July–1 August 2008, A. Clark, on female Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ- ENT00600390, slides FH 00313277 (1 thallus from prosternum), FH 00313278 (2 thalli from left proepisternum right behind procoxa), and FH 00313279 (1 thallus from metepisternum); Norfolk County, GRAPE ISLAND, 42°16'7.4"N, 70°55'14.7"W, 2–10 July 2008, S.W. Cho, on male Pterostichus luctuosus, MCZ-ENT00600395, slides FH 00313306 (1 thallus from mesoepisternum) and FH 00313307 (1 thallus from right proepisternum). Remarks. Thaxter (1894, 1896) designated no type for this species. We re-examined Thaxter’s original slides of P. geminata and selected the best-looking slide (FH 00313743) as lectotype. Results Morphometrics and statistical analysis of L. flagellata Results from the mixed modeling part of the analysis are shown in Supplemental Table 2.1 showing general results from the mixed models, and Supplemental Table 2.2 showing results for the specific comparisons Q1.1 to Q2.3 (both Supplemental Tables available online at http://www.eaglehill.us/NENAonline/ suppl-files/n26-sp9-N1560h-Haelewaters-s2, and for BioOne subscribers, at https://dx.doi.org/10.1656/N1560h.s2). Uncorrected P-values are given. Note that only for 8 out of the total 105 comparisons (7 questions × 15 morphometric parameters), P < 0.05 was obtained, close to the number of significant results to be expected if all significant results would be false positives. The following significant differences were obtained: • Elytra measurements between host species regarding H1T (Q1.1): pairwise comparisons yielded significant differences between P. mutus and each of the 4 Agonum species (P < 0.0013 for all 4 pairwise comparisons); P. mutus measurements were higher. • Pronotum measurements between Agonum host species regarding: ♦ H1T (Q1.3): pairwise comparisons yielded a significant difference between A. gratiosum and A. melanarium (P = 0.0016). ♦ HW2 (Q1.3): pairwise comparisons yielded a significant difference between A. gratiosum and A. melanarium (P = 0.0055) and between A. fidele and A. gratiosum (P = 0.050). ♦ LOR (Q1.3): pairwise comparisons yielded a significant difference between A. gratiosum and A. melanarium (P = 0.010). • Agonum fidele measurements between positions regarding H1T (Q2.1): pairwise comparisons yielded significant differences between elytra and legs (P = 0.0013) and between elytra and ventral (P = 0.0018). • Agonum gratiosum measurements between positions regarding LPT (Q2.2): pairwise comparisons yielded significant differences between antennae and each of other 3 locations (all P < 0.02); antennae measurements were higher. Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 136 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 • Agonum gratiosum measurements between positions regarding H2T (Q2.2): pairwise comparisons yielded significant differences between antennae and elytra (P = 0.016) and between elytra and pronotum (P = 0.046); elytra measurements were higher. • Agonum gratiosum measurements between positions regarding LRT (Q2.2): pairwise comparisons yielded significant differences between antennae and each of 3 other locations (all P < 0.03); antennae measurements were higher. Application of a strong Bonferroni correction of the P-value (P-value × 105 comparisons) yielded one significant result: only H1T shows a significant difference between P. mutus and each of the 4 Agonum species. A principal component analysis of the morphometric parameters LPT, H1T, H2T, LOR, and LRT, which gave significant results in the mixed model part (above), on the correlation scale resulted in 2 principal components (PCs) that accounted for 82.2% of the total variation in the dataset: PC1 for 66.7% of variation explained and PC2 for 15.5% of variation explained. Figures 2–4 show biplots of the first 2 PCs, with observations colored by host genus (Fig. 2), host species (Fig. 3), and thallus position on the host body (Fig. 4). Variable representations of LOR and HW2 are on top of each other, meaning that they are highly correlated. The variable representation of H1T is orthogonal (uncorrelated) to LPT and LRT. No obvious separation of observations with respect to genus can be seen. In Figure 3, observations from A. gratiosum have relatively strong negative scores for PC1 (indicating high values for LPT and low values for LRT, HW2, HW2, and LOR). The few observations for P. mutus all have negative values for PC1, whereas the few observations on P. patruelis have positive values for PC1. In Figure 4, the observations on antennae, which were high for LPT, can be easily recognized. Figure 2. Biplot from principal component analysis (PCA) of results from analysis of host genus. Northeastern Naturalist 137 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 Figure 3. Biplot from principal component analysis (PCA) of results from analysis of host species. Figure 4. Biplot from principal component analysis (PCA) of results from analysis of thallus position on the host. Molecular phylogenetic analyses We generated 33 rDNA sequences for 23 isolates of Laboulbenia species. Two Laboulbenia sequences were downloaded from NCBI GenBank. In our final dataset, L. flagellata sequences were included of isolates originating from 3 hosts: Agonum micans Nicolai, 1822, Limodromus assimilis (Pontoppidan, 1763), and Loricera pilicornis (Fabricius, 1775). In addition, sequences of L. coneglianensis Speg. removed from Harpalus affinis (Schrank, 1781) were included, which makes for an Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 138 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 interesting case study because L. coneglianensis has been considered a synonym of L. flagellata by Balazuc (1974) and Majewski (1994). However, after a comparative morphological study by Terada (1998), all European authors, including Majewski (2003), now reject this synonymy. Our ITS dataset consisted of 12 isolates and 1194 characters, of which 739 were constant and 346 were parsimony-informative. Our nrLSU dataset consisted of 27 isolates and 808 characters, of which 499 were constant and 236 were parsimony-informative. Models of nucleotide substitution selected by jModelTest 2 (under AICc) were GTR + G for ITS (-lnL = 3986.6147) and TrN + G for nrLSU (-lnL = 3432.4289). In both the ML and Bayesian analyses, 12 species of Laboulbenia can be recognized (Figs. 5, 6). Laboulbenia flagellata forms 2 distinct clades with very high support: one clade consisting of isolates removed from Limodromus assimilis, and the second with isolates removed from Agonum micans and Loricera pilicornis. Laboulbenia collae T. Majewski from a related host, Paranchus albipes (Fabricius, 1796) [as Agonum ruficorne (Goeze, 1777)], is obviously separated from L. flagellata. Also L. coneglianensis from Harpalus affinis is a separate species, placed sister to L. stilicicola Speg. with high support (BS = 88, pp = 1). These results from molecular phylogenetic analyses are the first to support the idea that behind the wide host range of L. flagellata we may find multiple species. Discussion To our knowledge, this study is only the second to apply standard geometric morphometrics methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) to Laboulbeniales (after Haelewaters et al. 2018). Our dataset was based on a relatively small number of thalli, many of them juvenile, and data were lacking for certain combinations of host species and thallus position. As a result, only a subset of possible comparisons of diagnostic characteristics was tested. Measuring more thalli—several hundred—from multiple host species, will allow for more robust analyses and the application of diagnostic traits to differentiate morphologically closely related species (sensu De Kesel and Haelewaters 2014b, De Kesel and Van den Neucker 2006). We are planning to undertake such extensive analysis in the future based on existing collections (R. Thaxter collection at FH; T. Majewski collection at KRAM) and on our own collections of fresh material. To our surprise, the single significant difference (after applying a strong Bonferroni correction) concerned H1T. Using this character in formal species descriptions would be a novelty in Laboulbenia taxonomy. Overall, ratios of measurements are rarely used. Most laboulbeniologists separate species by the combination of lengths (heights) and widths of individual cells and structures (e.g., receptacle, perithecium). Although these results are preliminary, it may eventually be an argument for considering other, neglected characters in Laboulbeniales taxonomy. In an age when we are discovering that many microscopic taxa with worldwide distributions represent complexes of multiple, often cryptic or near-cryptic species, it is increasingly important to explore new morphological features and tools to evaluate their validity. Baur and Leuenberger (2011:824) stipulated that “[a] taxonomist trying to Northeastern Naturalist 139 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 distinguish between two most similar species will be happy about any discriminating character”, even if it is the ratio of 2 seemingly unrelate d measurements. Our phylogenetic work suggests that L. flagellata is not a single phylogenetic species. Isolates removed from 3 host species form 2 clades. Isolates from A. micans and L. pilicornis form a single clade. This result could be due to the limited length for some of the obtained sequences. Interestingly, L. flagellata isolates taken from Agonum micans and Limodromus assimilis, both collected from under bark of the same logs, are separated. This observation is unexpected because under controlled conditions and in confined areas, carabidicolous Laboulbenia species are known to Figure 5. Phylogeny of Laboulbenia isolates, with Hesperomyces virescens as outgroup, reconstructed from the ITS + nrLSU concatenated dataset. The topology is the result of maximum likelihood inference performed with IQ-TREE. For each node, the ML bootstraps (if ≥ 70) are presented above the branch leading to that node. Host species are presented at the right of the phylogeny. Gray shading added for isolates of particular interest here. Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 140 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 transmit ascospores easily among (carabid) hosts (De Kesel 1996). Although both host species seem to co-occur in the same microhabitats, our preliminary molecular results point towards sympatric speciation, which suggests that there is little to no transmission and isolation between the Laboulbenia populations from A. micans and L. assimilis. Laboratory experiments in containers with stacks of bark under controlled conditions (A. De Kesel, unpubl. data) show that both species avoid contact. Separation under natural conditions is hard to demonstrate, but L. assimilis is significantly larger than A. micans (Benisch 2019) and selects larger and drier parts of the log. Because of its size, it also occupies areas with more space between bark Figure 6. Cladogram of Laboulbenia isolates, with Hesperomyces virescens as outgroup, reconstructed from the ITS + nrLSU concatenated dataset. The topology is the result of Bayesian inference performed with BEAST. For each node, the posterior probabilities (if ≥ 0.7) are presented above the branch leading to that node. Host species are presented at the right of the phylogeny. Gray shading added for isolates of particular interest here. Northeastern Naturalist 141 D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 and wood. Being smaller, A. micans uses much narrower spaces from the same logs and seems to prefer the damper zones closer to the ground. More work is needed, but we hypothesize that there may be reproductive isolation between the L. flagellata populations from L. assimilis and A. micans due to differential habitat choice and parasite transmission of the host species (sensu De Kesel 1 996). Thalli of L. flagellata from antennae can be easily separated from thalli removed from other positions (Fig. 4). In A. gratiosum, the only host species for which we collected thalli from the antennae, these thalli significantly differ from thalli from the other positions (elytra, legs, pronotum) in 3 ratios: LPT, H2T, and LRT. When we only consider TTL, thalli from the antennae and the pronotum are significantly smaller compared to thalli from the elytra and legs (GLMM: χ2 = 10.41, df = 3, P = 0.01538). Position-induced polymorphisms can be the result of either characters of the cuticle such as local variations of thickness or differential nutritional supplies, or due to local “stress” factors resulting from host activities, which may physically affect thalli during development (De Kesel and Van den Neucker 2005). Antennae have thinner cuticles at their joints (Loudon et al. 2014) and they are important sensory organs and thus exposed to external forces. It is not hard to believe that these organs represent a very different environment for colonization by Laboulbenia thalli. The separation of L. coneglianensis from L. flagellata has been a matter of ongoing taxonomic debate (Balazuc 1974, De Kesel 1997, Majewski 1994, Santamaría 1998). Here we provide the first evidence from molecular phylogeny showing that L. coneglianensis deserves the status of species, confirming morphological observations by Terada (1998). Santamaría (1998) suggested that L. coneglianensis should be limited to thalli occurring on species in the genera Harpalus and Ophonus (Harpalinae, Harpalini). We note that it is not impossible that thalli from Ophonus spp. might represent another taxon. Given recent findings of host-related diversity in other Laboulbeniales taxa, it is imperative to expand the existing sequence data with collections of L. coneglianensis from hosts other than H. affinis. In our analysis, this species is most closely related to L. stilicicola Speg., a taxon with a totally different habitus and host range (Rugilus similis; Staphylinidae, Paederinae). In general, following the results from this study and previous ones, and given common issues such as morphological variability, cryptic diversity, and polymorphism in Laboulbeniales, we think it is best to no longer synonymize taxa without the inclusion of molecular (phylogenetic) data. Laboulbenia flagellata and other plurivorous and cosmopolitan species of Laboulbenia are found on multiple hosts, many of them living in different habitats. Spatial and ecological disparity probably separates Laboulbenia populations, especially because dispersal potential in Laboulbeniales and their hosts is low (De Kesel 1995, 1996). These conditions support the hypothesis that eurytopic species such as L. flagellata are in fact complexes of morphologically similar or cryptic species (De Kesel and Van den Neucker 2006, Santamaría 1998). To test such hypotheses properly, we propose a combination of morphological and molecular studies. We used this approach in our assessment of Hesperomyces virescens, which was found to be a complex of species segregated by host (Haelewaters et al. 2018). Now that as we are Northeastern Naturalist D. Haelewaters, A. De Kesel, M. Gorczak, K. Bao, G. Gort, S.Y. Zhao, and D.H. Pfister 2019 142 Vol. 25, Special Issue 9 routinely generating high-quality rDNA sequences of Laboulbenia (S. De Weggheleire and A. De Kesel, unpubl. data), we will finally be able to tackle the largest genus of the Laboulbeniales—nearly a century after Thaxter died. Acknowledgments The National Park Service at the Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area is acknowledged for facilitating the ATBI during which the host insects were collected. The National Park Service issued the scientific research and collecting permits (#BOHA- 2012-SCI-0009, PI B.D. Farrell; #BOHA-2018-SCI-0002, PI D. Haelewaters). Thanks are due to Brad Barnd, Will Dolling, Michel Perreau, Johan H. Pretorius, and Dávid Čeplík for sending infected hosts; Rebecca E. Handlin (Harvard College) and Sarah J.C. Verhaeghen for screening insect specimens and preparing slides; Annette Aiello (Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama), Charles W. Farnum, Brian D. Farrell (Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA), Lee H. Herman (American Natural History Museum, New York, NY), and Jean-Philippe Légaré and Joseph Moisan-De Serres (Ministère de l’agriculture, des pêcheries et de l’alimentation du Québec, Canada) for curatorial support; Marc Albert (Boston Harbor Islands Stewardship Program) for immense support with everything that is Boston Harbor Islands-related; and 2 anonymous reviewers for improvements to the manuscript. D. Haelewaters acknowledges support from Boston Harbor Now, the New England Botanical Club (2017 Les Mehrhoff Botanical Research Fund award), and the Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology at Harvard University. M. 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