769 S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 22001133 SOUTSoHuEthAeSaTsEteRrnN NNaAtTurUaRliAstLIST 1V2o(4l.) :1726,9 N–7o8. 04 A Checklist to the Common Cyprinid and Centrarchid Fishes of the Bull and Upatoi Creeks Watershed of Georgia with a Brief Glimpse of Correlative Urban Influences and Land Use Samantha L. Martin1 and William I. Lutterschmidt1,2,* Abstract - We sampled fishes from eight creeks within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed in the summer months of June 2001 and August 2002 to provide a checklist of common fishes. This sample and its data support a more comprehensive study by the authors documenting an urbanization gradient among creeks and their associated differences in fish assemblage structure within this aquatic system. However, here we provide a simple, but useful, checklist of common Cyprinid and Centrarchid fishes to enhance future species-monitoring efforts within this watershed. We collected a total 2407 individuals representing 34 species from Lindsey, Cooper, Flatrock, Bull, Dozier, Randall, Kendall, and Baker Creeks by seining. Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill), Cyprinella venusta (Blacktail Shiner), and Notropis buccatus (Silverjaw Minnow) were the most abundant species within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed. Conversely, Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) and Pimephales vigilax (Bullhead Minnow) were the rarest. We calculated and present species richness (S), total abundance (TA), Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H'), maximum species diversity (H'max), and species evenness (J') for all eight creeks within the watershed. Additionally, we discuss stream characteristics, related microhabitat use by fishes within the watershed, and the potential influences of an urbanization gradient on fish assemblage structure. Introduction The Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed is located within the Middle Chattahoochee watershed in eastern Georgia, Muscogee County. Eight creeks (Lindsey, Cooper, Flatrock, Bull, Dozier, Randall, Kendall, and Baker) within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed (Fig. 1) are of specific interest because of their proximity to Fort Benning. All eight creeks are southward-flowing streams located just north of Fort Benning, and east of Columbus, further offering an opportunity to investigate urbanization gradients. Although Columbus and Fort Benning are considered part of the Sand Hills and Southeastern Plains ecoregion, these eight creeks are characteristic of piedmont streams (Griffith et al. 2001) because they lie on a transitional zone between the topographically variable piedmont and the flatter coastal plains (GDNR 2012). Piedmont streams generally have sand or gravel substrates, variable flow rates and depths, and alternating pools and riffles—features that facilitate high aquatic invertebrate and fish diversity (Walser and Bart 1999). 1Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341. 2Texas Research Institute for Environmental Studies, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341. *Corresponding author - lutterschmidt@shsu.edu. S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 2013 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 12, No. 4 770 Although Dahlberg and Scott (1971) have documented the freshwater fish diversity in Georgia, there is limited information from current species inventories. More recent research has indirectly added to the current fish records of western Georgia (e.g., Helms and Feminella 2005, Schleigler 2000, Walsler and Bart 1999), with a complete species atlas of Georgia’s freshwater fishes becoming available through an online project proposed by Straight et al. (2009a). While Georgia is one of the top five states for freshwater fish diversity, this URL (http://fishesofgeorgia. uga.edu), hosted by the University of Georgia, provides the only current statewide guide to the fishes of Georgia (Straight et al. 2009b). Moreover, there is currently no diagnostic key available for Georgia fishes, and checklists for Georgia creeks and watersheds are limited. Our current study provides a checklist of the common Cyprinid and Centrarchid fish species within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed to serve as a baseline inventory. Such documentation may aid in future and more comprehensive investigations of species composition for the monitoring of potential and future changes in fish-community structure within the Middle Chattahoochee watershed and the state of Georgia. This information might also prove useful in comparisons with the high species diversity of other piedmont streams (Walser and Bart 1999). Finally, we provide a preliminary look at the association between species richness and an urban gradient among each of the eight creeks within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed. Methods Site description Lindsey, Cooper, Flatrock, Bull, Dozier, Randall, Kendall, and Baker Creeks are arranged in an approximately parallel pattern progressing eastward from the city of Columbus, GA (Fig. 1). Interestingly, each creek exhibits an array of unique stream characteristics. All eight creeks have variable depth, flow, riparian zones, and substrate types in accordance with general piedmont stream characteristics. We primarily chose these eight creeks as sampling sites because they are located near Fort Benning, a large military facility, the staff of which may find documentation of species diversity useful for long-term monitoring. Moreover, the creeks demonstrate an ideal west to east gradient of urbanization (i.e., urban land use) within Muscogee County (Table 1, Fig. 2). Collection, preservation, and analysis We sampled eight creeks (Lindsey, Cooper, Flatrock, Bull, Dozier, Randall, Kendall, and Baker) during the months of June 2001 and August 2002. We chose three sites within each creek, using a segment of Macon Road east of Columbus, GA within Muscogee County as a reference transect. We sampled three creek pools north of, near, and south of Macon Road. Specifically, we selected a pool as a collection site if it appeared to offer habitat for fishes, was wadeable, and the bank was not channelized. Additionally, we chose pools as the preferred sampling habitat because they have been shown to be the only meso-habitat for fishes within 771 S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 2013 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 12, No. 4 Figure 1. Map of the Middle Chattahoochee watershed (USGS 2011) showing the sampled streams (Lindsey, Cooper, Flatrock, Bull, Dozier, Randall, Kendall, Baker) within the smaller Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed. These creeks are numbered from most westward and urban to most eastward and rural and were accessed along Macon Road. the streams of this area (DeVivo 1996). We did not sample fishes from the family Percidae (i.e., darters) and their associated habitat (e.g., creek riffles and runs). The scope of work outlined by the Civil Engineering and Research Laboratory (CERL) of the US Army Corps of Engineers specifically requested that such sampling be restricted from our survey to avoid the numerous darter species that are state and/or federally listed as species of concern. Our sampling regimes were similar to those reported by Dent and Lutterschmidt (2001), and each pool sample consisted of five consecutive seine hauls across the entire width of the pool. Seines measured 4.6 m by 1.2 m with 5-mm mesh. We placed all collected fishes in a 10% formalin solution in separate plastic jars according to the pool or segment in which they were collected. After all fishes were S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 2013 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 12, No. 4 772 fixed, they were identified to species and placed according to sample locality in individual jars containing a 70% ethanol solution. All specimens have been deposited into the Sam Houston State Vertebrate Museum (SHSVM) for long-term storage and archival. This field research and specimen collection was conducted under Figure 2. Map showing the respective land-use classifications within each creek’s (Lindsey, Cooper, Flatrock, Bull, Dozier, Randall, Kendall, Baker) catchment areas within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed. Table 1. Classifications and percentages of urban land-use (Anderson et al. 1976) among the eight creeks within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed summarized using GIS and the land-use classification map (Fig. 2). Creeks include: Lindsey (Li), Cooper (Co), Flatrock (Fl), Bull (Bu), Dozier (Do), Randall (Ra), Kendall (Ke), and Baker (Ba) which are ordered from most westward and urban to the most eastward and rural. Creek Urban classification Li Co Fl Bu Do Ra Ke Ba Low intensity residential 25.5 21.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Commercial/industrial/transportation 10.0 11.1 5.5 1.1 1.7 0.3 0.0 0.1 Quarries/strip mines/gravel pits 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Orchards and vineyards 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Row crops 0.3 1.9 1.9 3.5 4.9 3.7 0.4 1.8 Pasture lands and hay production 2.1 2.2 13.2 5.3 6.4 4.3 0.3 0.5 Urban and recreational grass lands 3.6 2.1 0.0 3.2 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 Total percent urban land use 43.0 38.3 20.6 13.8 13.7 8.5 0.7 2.4 773 S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 2013 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 12, No. 4 strict adherence to the methods and protocols outlined by the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologist (ASIH), American Fisheries Society (AFS), and the American Institute of Fishery Research Biologists (AIFRB) for the collection and preservation of animal specimens, and we made our collections under a scientific collecting permit (29-WMB-01-147) issued by the GDNR. We sorted and identified fish with the help of several keys (Mettee et al. 1996, Pflieger 1997, Ross and Brenneman 2001) and then counted them for calculations of species and population indices. We calculated species richness (S), total abundance (TA), the Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H'), maximum species diversity (H'max), and species evenness (J') for all eight creeks within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed. We also used the percent similarity index (PSI) to evaluate similarities in species composition and relative abundance between each of the eight creeks (Krebs 1999). Results and Discussion We collected a total of 2407 fishes within the eight creeks of the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed representing 34 species (Table 2). Of these 34 fish species, the most abundant species in our sample were Lepomis macrochirus (Bluegill), Cyprinella venusta (Blacktail Shiner), and Notropis buccatus (Silverjaw Minnow), representing 47.1% of the total sample. These results are similar to those reported by Helms and Feminella (2005), where Bluegill and Silverjaw Minnow were also the most abundant within small streams of western Georgia. Conversely, Pimephales promelas (Fathead Minnow) and Pimephales vigilax (Bullhead Minnow) were the least represented within the sample and comprised only 0.1% of the sample. Georgia has high species diversity, with a total of 47 families of fishes documented by the University of Georgia and the Georgia Museum of Natural History. Our sample represented 8 of the 47 (17%) families. Based upon an intensive but short-term sampling regime, the 34 species we sampled most likely comprised the more commonly occurring fishes in the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed, but represented only 10% of the documented species diversity in Georgia. The Cyprinid family was the most well-represented family, with 13 species documented, and the Centrarchid family was second with 10 species collected from the eight creeks. Conversely, we collected only one species each from Fundulidae and Poeciliidae. We collected one specimen of Aphredoderus sayanus (Pirate Perch), which is the only species in the family Aphredoderidae, whereas Fundulidae and Poeciliidae contain numerous species. We sampled only a few darters in the family Percidae (i.e., Etheostoma and Percina), and they are underrepresented as our sampling methodology did not target this group for capture. According to the University of Georgia and the Georgia Museum of Natural History website (Straight et al. 2009b), 53 species in the family Percidae occur in Georgia (51 not including the genus Sander [pikeperch]). Of those 51 species, nearly half (24) are considered rare and are listed as threatened or endangered at the state or federal level. For the seven Percid species that occur within the Chattahoochee River basin, Percina parvipinni S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 2013 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 12, No. 4 774 Table 2. Fish species and total abundance in the eight creeks within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed. Creeks include: Lindsey (Li), Cooper (Co), Flatrock (Fl), Bull (Bu), Dozier (Do), Randall (Ra), Kendall (Ke), and Baker (Ba) which are ordered from most westward and urban to the most eastward and rural. Nomenclature of fishes follows that of Page and Burr (1991) and Nelson (1994). Creeks Taxon/species Li Co Fl Bu Do Ra Ke Ba Actinopterygii Cypriniformes Catastomidae Erimyzon oblongus Mitchill (Eastern Creek Chubsucker) 0 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 Moxostoma poecilurum Jordan (Blacktail Redhorse) 0 0 0 0 0 4 12 0 Cyprinidae Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque) (Central Stoneroller) 0 3 0 9 32 12 81 117 Cyprinella venusta Girard (Blacktail Shiner) 0 3 0 9 0 72 280 7 Lythrurus atrapiculus (Snelson) (Blacktip Shiner) 0 0 0 0 11 0 10 12 Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill) (Golden Shiner) 0 1 0 6 1 0 0 0 Notropis buccatus (Cope) (Silverjaw Minnow) 2 0 12 0 48 60 81 112 Notropis longirostris (Hay) (Longnose Shiner) 0 0 1 1 0 39 89 72 Notropis spp. (shiners) 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 6 Notropis texanus (Girard) (Weed Shiner) 2 19 14 15 5 24 58 15 Pimephales promelas Rafinesque (Fathead Minnow) 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Pimephales vigilax (Baird and Girard) Bullhead Minnow 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 Semotilus atromaculatus (Mitchill) (Creek Chub) 0 0 0 0 1 0 15 15 Semotilus spp. (chubs) 0 0 0 0 0 3 1 5 Semotilus thoreauianus Jordan (Dixie Chub) 0 0 0 0 26 5 3 0 Cyprinodontiformes Fundulidae Fundulus olivaceous (Storer) (Blackspotted Topminnow) 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis (Baird and Girard) (Western Mosquitofish) 37 9 24 21 1 0 0 36 775 S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 2013 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 12, No. 4 Table 2, continued. Creeks Taxon/species Li Co Fl Bu Do Ra Ke Ba Perciformes Centrarchidae Lepomis auritus L. (Redbreast Sunfish) 12 2 47 13 17 20 18 47 Lepomis cyanellus Rafinesque (Green Sunfish) 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 Lepomis gulosus (Cuvier) (Warmouth) 0 1 2 2 0 0 0 1 Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque (Bluegill) 14 2 190 22 28 42 12 137 Lepomis megalotis (Rafinesque) (Longear Sunfish) 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 Lepomis microlophus (Günther) Redear Sunfish) 0 1 20 1 0 1 0 0 Lepomis miniatus Jordan (Redspotted Sunfish) 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Micropterus punctulatus (Rafinesque) (Spotted Bass) 19 0 5 0 0 0 10 0 Micropterus salmoides (Lacepëde) (Largemouth Bass) 4 1 1 9 2 15 0 6 Pomoxis nigromaculatus (Lesueur) Black Crappie 0 21 23 1 0 0 0 0 Pericidae Etheostoma spp. (darters) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Percina nigrofasciata (Agassiz) (Blackbanded Darter) 0 0 0 2 0 0 9 5 Percina ssp. (darter) 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 Percopsiformes Aphredoderidae Aphredoderus sayanus (Gilliams) (Pirate Perch) 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 3 Siluriformes Ictaluridae Ameiurus melas (Rafinesque) (Black Bullhead) 0 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 Ameiurus natalis (Lesueur) (Yellow Bullhead) 2 0 0 0 1 1 7 10 Ameiurus nebulosus (Lesueur) (Brown Bullhead) 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 Total Abundance 95 68 345 118 175 310 689 607 S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 2013 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 12, No. 4 776 (Goldstripe Darter) is state listed as rare and Percina crypta (Halloween Darter) is considered state threatened. In our sample, we collected the fairly common darter species Percina nigrofasciata (Blackbanded Darter). All creeks sampled had a substrate composed of one or more of the following: sand, gravel, and cobble. Additionally, Cooper, Randall, and Dozier creeks had extensive riparian zones, while Flatrock, Kendall, and Bull creeks had more limited riparian zones. Baker and Lindsey creeks were intermediate in terms of their riparian zones, and depth and flow were variable within all creeks. All of these are characteristics that typify Piedmont streams. Generally, H' tended to reflect pool depth and to some extent riparian zones, especially in the case of Flatrock Creek which had the lowest diversity (H' = 1.574) and also had shallow pools and a thin riparian zone (Table 3). This finding may indicate that microhabitat space was limited. Conversely, Bull Creek, which had the highest diversity (H' = 2.350), had deeper pools but a sparse riparian zone; here, the presumably larger mesohabitat would accommodate more niche space, yielding higher biodiversity. The lack of a dense riparian zone suggests that bank vegetation and the accompanying energy inputs into the creek may not impact biodiversity as heavily in this case. A similar trend emerged when looking at diversity within Randall and Lindsey creeks. Randall Creek has the second highest biodiversity (H' = 2.219) and had medium to deep pools and an extensive riparian zone. Lindsey Creek had the second lowest diversity (H' = 1.719) and had shallow pools and intermediate riparian vegetation (Table 3). Evenness data also suggested that Bull Creek (J' = 0.847) offered more microhabitat space, but Flatrock Creek (J' = 0.633) provided minimal microhabitats for fish colonization (Table 3). Moreover, this survey tended to reflect that species richness was approximately equal among all of the creeks, with richness highest in Baker and Randall creeks (S = 18), and the lowest in Lindsey Creek (S = 9). It is interesting that we collected only some species (e.g., Pimephales. promelas, P. vigilax, Fundulus olivaceous) in only one of the eight creeks. However, we found most fish species in more than one creek. As discussed by Dent and Lutterschmidt (2001), the PSI (Krebs 1999) can be used as a quantitative index where 0.0 indicates no similarity and 1.0 indicates Table 3. Species richness (S), total abundance (TA), Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H'), maximum species diversity (H'max), and species eveness (J') for the entire sample (i.e., all creeks) and the eight creeks within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed. Creek S TA H' H' max J' All Creeks 34 2407 2.544 3.555 0.176 Lindsey 9 95 1.719 2.197 0.782 Cooper 15 68 2.008 2.708 0.741 Flatrock 12 345 1.574 2.485 0.633 Bull 16 118 2.350 2.773 0.847 Dozier 14 175 1.998 2.708 0.738 Randall 18 310 2.219 2.890 0.768 Kendall 17 689 1.947 2.833 0.687 Baker 18 607 2.181 2.890 0.755 777 S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 2013 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 12, No. 4 complete similarity in species composition and relative abundance among sites (Ludwig and Reynolds 1988, Wolda 1981). Percent similarity indices that are ≥0.7 and ≤0.4 are commonly used in fish community analyses (e.g., Cashner et al. 1994; Lienesch et al. 2000; Dent and Lutterschmidt 2001; Matthews et al. 1988, 1996) to indicate high or low similarity, respectively, among fish assemblages. Our percent similarity data (Table 4) indicate moderate to low similarity among creeks, with Dozier and Baker (PSI = 0.678) and Randall and Kendall (PSI = 0.656) having the highest percent similarities. Although these percent similarities are below 0.7, it is interesting that the highest percent similarities are for creeks that are comparable with respect to their location (i.e., creeks 1 through 8; Fig. 1) and their relative urbanization (Table 1, Fig. 2). Dozier and Baker are creeks 5 and 8 from the urban center (Fig. 1) and have low urban land-use percentages of 13.7% and 2.4%, respectively (Table 1). Similarly, Randall and Kendall are neighboring creeks (6 and 7; Fig. 1) and also have low urban land use 8.5% and 0.7%; Table 1). In comparison, the most urban creek, Lindsey (location 1; 42% urban land use), and the most rural creek, Baker (location 8; 2.4% urban land use), show almost no similarity (PSI = 0.110). We found a statistically significant negative relationship between PSI and urban land-use among creeks, which indicates that similar levels of urbanization (i.e., low urbanization difference) have higher percent similarity (Fig. 3). However, because the level of urbanization is also associated with distance, this result may be an artifact of auto-correlation between PSI and distance (Shurin et al. 2009). The regression analysis with the use of PSI (Fig. 3) allows for a sample size of n = 28 from the PSI triangular matrix (Table 4). Although sample size is reduced (n = 8) with the use of community indices for each of the eight creeks, this analysis removes the potential bias for the association of a high PSI among neighboring creeks. Even with this reduced sample size, we found significant positive associations between urban distance (Fig. 4a, 4b) and the community indices of species richness (r = 0.791, P = 0.019) and total abundance (r = 0.879, P = 0.004). There were also significant negative relationships between percent urban land-use (Fig. 4c, 4d) and the community indices of species richness (r = –0.797, P = 0.018) and total abundance (r = –0.773, P = 0.024). These results show that urbanization Table 4. A triangular matrix of percent similarity (Krebs 1999) showing the relative similarity among the eight creeks within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed. Creeks include: Lindsey (Li), Cooper (Co), Flatrock (Fl), Bull (Bu), Dozier (Do), Randall (Ra), Kendall (Ke), and Baker (Ba) which are ordered from most westward and urban to the most easward and rural. Creek Li Co Fl Bu Do Ra Ke Ba Lindsey Cooper 0.226 Flatrock 0.402 0.260 Bull 0.498 0.466 0.435 Dozier 0.309 0.160 0.330 0.385 Randall 0.287 0.242 0.285 0.454 0.492 Kendall 0.110 0.215 0.136 0.304 0.339 0.656 Baker 0.351 0.210 0.430 0.471 0.678 0.606 0.492 S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 2013 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 12, No. 4 778 influences the community structure of fishes, and also demonstrates the importance of watershed inventories. It is likely that other fish species not listed here may occur within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed, which is part of the larger Middle Chattahoochee Figure 3. Regression analysis showing the significant relationship (PSI = 0.006 x urban difference - 0.475) between the percent similarity index (PSI) and the urban difference between creeks (F1,27 = 9.59; P = 0.005). Urban difference alone explained 24.1% (r2 = 0.241) of the variation in the PSI. Dashed lines indicate the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals. Urban difference was calculated by subtracting the percent urban land use of each creek. For example, the comparison of Lindsey (43.0%) and Baker (2.4%) creeks would result in an urbanization difference of 40.6%. F i g u r e 4 . C o r r e l a - tion analyses showing the s igni f i c ant associations between urban distance (a and b) and percent urban land use (c and d) with the community indices of species richness (a and c) and total abundance (b and d). 779 S.L. Martin and W.I. Lutterschmidt 2013 Southeastern Naturalist Vol. 12, No. 4 watershed. We collected 34 of the 338 total species found in Georgia (Straight et al. 2009) at our sites within the Columbus area. This is one of the only ichthyofaunal surveys that has specifically focused on documenting fish assemblages within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed. Research personnel at nearby Fort Benning should find our work useful as they plan and undertake environmental and species monitoring. We sampled only during summer months, because summer and spring samples generally facilitate a high presence of species (Dent and Lutterschmidt 2001). However, future fall and winter sampling may prove interesting. Also, studies aimed at sampling and documenting fishes, including a specific sample aimed at darter species composition within the entire Middle Chattahoochee watershed, would be invaluable for understanding how fish-community structure in the larger watershed might be used to predict fish occurrences within its smaller watersheds. Ultimately, we hope that our data on fish species occurrences within the Bull and Upatoi creeks watershed are useful for future monitoring and conservation efforts within these unique urban creeks of Columbus, GA. Acknowledgments We thank Sidney M. Anderson, Laurieanne Dent, Riccardo A. Fiorillo, Daniel S. Millican, and Dennis K. Wasco for their dedicated field and laboratory assistance as paid technicians on this project. We also acknowledge a research grant awarded to William I. Lutterschmidt by the Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) and the Civil Engineering Research Laboratory (CERL) of the US Army Corps of Engineers (ERDCCERL Contract #DACA 42-00-C-0047). We acknowledge the assistance provided by Gordon A. Plishker and all personnel of the Texas Research Institute for Environmental Studies (TRIES) at Sam Houston State University. 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