Intensive Sampling Reveals Underreported Use of Great-
River Tributaries by Large-River Fishes in Missouri
Corey G. Dunn, Brandon L. Brooke, Robert A. Hrabik, and Craig P. Paukert
Southeastern Naturalist, Volume 17, Issue 3 (2018): 512–520
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Southeastern Naturalist
C.G. Dunn, B.L. Brooke, R.A. Hrabik, and C.P. Paukert
2018 Vol. 17, No. 3
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2018 SOUTHEASTERN NATURALIST 17(3):512–520
Intensive Sampling Reveals Underreported Use of Great-
River Tributaries by Large-River Fishes in Missouri
Corey G. Dunn1,*, Brandon L. Brooke1, Robert A. Hrabik2, and Craig P. Paukert1,3
Abstract - Large tributaries may help sustain large-river fish populations by mitigating fishhabitat
losses within the highly modified great rivers of the Mississippi River basin. These
tributaries are likely most beneficial for fish species specializing on non-degraded large-river
habitat for some portion of their life histories. Few great-river tributaries, however, have
been surveyed using methods that comprehensively target all fish species, resulting in uncertainty
or bias in the reported composition of many tributary fish assemblages. We report
important distributional records, including 23 new accounts, for 12 large-river specialist
fishes in Missouri—Alosa alabamae (Alabama Shad), Cycleptus elongatus (Blue Sucker),
Pimephales vigilax (Bullhead Minnow), Notropis wickliffi (Channel Shiner), Polyodon
spathula (Paddlefish), Hybognathus placitus (Plains Minnow), N. blennius (River Shiner),
Macrhybopsis hyostoma (Shoal Chub), Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Shovelnose Sturgeon),
M. storeriana (Silver Chub), Ichthyomyzon unicuspis (Silver Lamprey), and Alosa
chrysochloris (Skipjack Herring)—following 38 comprehensive fish surveys in tributaries
of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers. New accounts collectively demonstrate tributaries
support more large-river specialists than historically documented and thus may be currently
undervalued sources of habitat for large-river fishes.
Introduction
The Mississippi and Missouri rivers support rich fish assemblages including a
group of species with specialized life histories dependent on large-river habitat,
hereafter regarded as large-river specialist fishes (“big river fishes”; Galat et al.
2005, Pflieger 1997). Recent surveys throughout the Mississippi and Missouri rivers
(hereafter, “great rivers”) document changes to these fish assemblages following
habitat degradation from impoundments, flow regulation, dredging, and channelization
(Galat et al. 2005, Janvrin 2005). With continued management of both great
rivers for navigation and flood abatement, relatively unaltered large tributaries are
increasingly viewed as refugia, providing spawning, foraging, and rearing habitat
for large-river specialist fishes (Pracheil et al. 2013). Our goal is to report distributional
records for 12 large-river specialists inhabiting tributaries of the great
rivers following recent extensive sampling in Missouri. Our surveys revealed that
previous sampling underreported use of tributaries by several large-river specialists.
Given many of these species range throughout the Mississippi River basin, our
findings may be generalizable to other areas with inadequately surveyed great-river
tributaries, including much of the southeastern United States.
1Missouri Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, School of Natural Resources, University
of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. 2Missouri Department of Conservation (retired),
Fisheries Division, Perryville, MO 63776. 3US Geological Survey, University of Missouri,
Columbia, MO 65221. *Corresponding author - cgd7n7@mail.missouri.edu.
Manuscript Editor: Kirsten Work
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2018 Vol. 17, No. 3
Methods
From 2014 to 2016, we completed 38 fish surveys across 11 sites in 2 regions
of Missouri (Fig. 1). Rivers in the Ozark Plateau (Ozarks) have high biodiversity
and are generally described as moderate gradient and clear, with predominantly
rocky substrates and physicochemical conditions often buffered by ground water.
In contrast, rivers in the Interior Plains (Plains) have lower biodiversity and highly
variable seasonal physicochemical conditions and are typically lower relief, turbid,
and dominated by fine sediments.
The length of each site was 50 times mean-wetted-channel width (MWCW), measured
from satellite imagery in spring before sampling. The total effort per survey
was consistently proportional to the size of each site (i.e., 50 MWCW) causing absolute
effort per gear to vary among sites: 0.5–4.0 km (boat electrofishing), 0.5–2.5 km
(trawling), and 0.2–0.8 km (seining). We also deployed 5 hoop, trammel, and minifyke
nets over a single night per survey (i.e., 15 total nets and net-nights per survey).
Nine of the 11 sites were surveyed at least once per season (spring, summer, fall) to
document seasonal occurrences of species within tributaries. Further details of the
sampling protocol are in Dunn and Paukert (2018). Unless otherwise noted, we predominantly
collected large-bodied species by electrofishing, and hoop and trammel
nets, and small-bodied species by seining, trawling, and mini-fyke nets. Vouchered
small-bodied fishes have been thoroughly inspected to confirm field identifications
and are currently housed at the University of Missouri-Columbia.
Figure 1. Sites sampled
2014–2016 in
11 large tributaries
of the Missouri or
Mississippi rivers
in Missouri: Black
River, Blackwater
River, Lamine River,
Lower Gasconade
River, Upper
Gasconade River,
Lower Grand River,
Upper Grand
R.iver, Lower Meramec
River, Upper
Meramec River,
Osage River, and
Salt River. Latitude
and longitude coordinates
for all sites
given in Table 1.
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Results and Discussion
In total we report records for 12 large-river specialists, including 13 new distributional
accounts to each tributary system and 10 new upriver accounts within each
system (Table 1). All new distributional accounts likely resulted from our intensive
sampling rather than range expansions, except for Pimephales vigilax (Baird and
Girard) (Bullhead Minnow) and Alosa chrysochloris (Rafinesque) (Skipjack Herring),
which may have recently expanded into the Missouri River basin (Galat et al.
2005). New distributional accounts collectively support the notion that use of greatriver
tributaries by large-river specialists may be underreported. We provide further
commentary on 8 of these 12 species in which records have particular conservation
value. Records for the remaining 4 large-river specialists—Polyodon spathula
(Walbaum) (Paddlefish), Notropis wickliffi Trautman (Channel Shiner), N. blennius
(Girard) (River Shiner), and Bullhead Minnow—are still included in Table 1.
Ichthyomyzon unicuspis Hubbs and Trautman (Silver Lamprey). We collected
the first accounts of Silver Lamprey in the Meramec (1 site) and Gasconade (2 sites)
rivers. Moreover, our records of Silver Lamprey in the Gasconade River are the
farthest downriver in the Missouri River basin. In the southern portion of the Mississippi
River, the Silver Lamprey is rare and historically considered restricted to
the mainstem Mississippi River (Pflieger 1997). However, our discovery of Silver
Lamprey in the Meramec River (a Mississippi River tributary) is consistent with
Robison et al. (2011), who recently confirmed the presence of Silver Lamprey at
multiple locations within the White River system, a tributary of the Mississippi
River in Arkansas. These recent findings suggest Silver Lamprey may be more
widespread, albeit still rare, in southern Mississippi River tributaries than historically
documented.
Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Rafinesque) (Shovelnose Sturgeon). We collected
Shovelnose Sturgeon from 4 sites, 3 of which were in the lower sections
of 3 large tributaries (18–53 km upriver of the tributary mouths), including the
first account in the Meramec River system. The Shovelnose Sturgeon has declined
throughout portions of the Mississippi (Janvrin 2005, Keenlyne 1997, Phelps et al.
2016) and Missouri rivers (Galat et al. 2005), and disappeared entirely from many
tributaries of the Missouri River in neighboring Kansas (Haslouer et al. 2005, Kansas
Fishes Committee 2014).
The overall importance of tributaries for sustaining Shovelnose Sturgeon populations
is unknown (DeLonay et al. 2009, Keenlyne 1997). Although we cannot
definitively infer from our collections the specific activities of Shovelnose Sturgeon
within tributaries, the 4 sites (3 rivers) where we collected the species were only
occupied by that fish coinciding with periods of documented overwintering and
spawning (late fall–early summer) (Goodman et al. 2013, Phelps et al. 2016, Quist
et al. 1999, Richards et al. 2014). Our observations of seasonally variable use of
tributaries were also consistent with movement patterns reported by DeLonay et
al. (2009), who documented upriver dispersal by Shovelnose Sturgeon in the Big
Sioux (IA, SD) and Missouri rivers for suspected spawning in sp ring. Overall, our
records demonstrate seasonally dependent use of the lower sections of large tributaries
by Shovelnose Sturgeon.
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Table 1. Raw abundances of 12 large-river specialist fishes sampled from 2014 to 2016 and characteristics of 11 sites within 8 tributaries of the Missouri
or Mississippi rivers: Black River (36°54'35"N, 90°29'12"W), Blackwater River (38°58'18"N, 92°58'24"W), Lamine River (38°54'24"N, 92°58'12"W),
Lower Gasconade River (38°36'3"N, 91°36'7"W), Upper Gasconade River (37°56'53"N, 91°59'37"W), Lower Grand River (39°29'43"N, 93°16'36"W),
Upper Grand R.iver (39°55'30"N, 93°56'14"W), Lower Meramec River (38°31'5"N, 90°36'45"W), Upper Meramec River (38°8'55"N, 91°7'35"W), Osage
River (38°32'11"N, 92°1'45"W), and Salt River (39°36'20"N, 91°22'42"W). O = Ozarks, P = Plains. *New distributional account for a system; †New upriver
account within a system.
Rivers
Lower Lower Lower Upper Upper Upper
Species Osage Gasconade Lamine Blackwater Grand Meramec Salt Grand Gasconade Meramec Black
Distance to great river (km) 10 18 23 24 30 53 55 144 164 192 784
Mean-wetted channel width 200 92 42 31 78 84 60 50 75 52 53
Times sampled 1 5 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4
Physiographic region O O P P P O P P O O O
Ichthyomyzon unicuspis (Silver Lamprey) *1 *1 †1
Scaphirhynchus platorynchus (Shovelnose 7 23 *1 †3
Sturgeon)
Polyodon spathula (Paddlefish) †1 1
Alosa alabamae (Alabama Shad) 20 27 †7
Alosa chrysochloris (Skipjack Herring) 1 *1 1 *1
Hybognathus placitus (Plains Minnow) 19 21
Macrhybopsis hyostoma (Shoal Chub) *9 *7 †1 127 2 *1 39
Macrhybopsis storeriana (Silver Chub) 8 30 *4 †1 82 8 10 41
Notropis blennius (River Shiner) *1 13
Notropis wickliffi (Channel Shiner) 636 *505 †3315 *49
Pimephales vigilax (Bullhead Minnow) 180 982 *924 †49 94 307 162 †314 84
Cycleptus elongatus (Blue Sucker) *8 62 5 13 †4
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Alosa alabamae Jordan and Evermann (Alabama Shad). We captured Alabama
Shad from 3 sites in 2 unimpounded Ozark rivers, including an account that extended
its known range upriver in the Meramec River system by 10 km. Alabama
Shad use tributaries for spawning and nursery habitat before migrating downriver
through the great rivers to foraging habitat in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic
Ocean (Pflieger 1997). Impoundments may have contributed to the decline of Alabama
Shad throughout the species’ geographic range (Mettee and O’Neil 2003),
including its likely extirpation from the Mississippi River upriver of Melvin Price
Locks and Dam (no. 26) 8 km upriver of the Missouri-Mississippi River confluence
(Schramm et al. 2016). Assuming Alabama Shad is extirpated from the upper
Mississippi River, Missouri’s Ozark tributaries are now the northernmost systems
providing spawning and rearing habitat for this imperiled speci es.
We collected Alabama Shad midsummer–late fall, and all individuals were likely
age-0 juveniles (total length less than 166 mm) that were fertilized in spring and early
summer. These records indicate age-0 Alabama Shad reside in Missouri tributaries
longer than previously reported. For example, Pflieger (1997) reported the latest
record of Alabama Shad in Missouri was 4 October, yet we collected individuals in
our latest surveys from the Gasconade River on 25 October 2014 and 6 November
2015, and in the Meramec River on 22 October 2015. Although the timing of emigration
may vary annually, absences from historical surveys in late fall may also be
an artifact of imperfect detection induced by ontogenetic habitat shifts. We readily
collected age-0 Alabama Shad by seining and benthic trawling in shallow shoals in
summer. By late fall, however, Alabama Shad had shifted to deep, swift shoals and
race pools that were only effectively sampled by boat electrofishing.
Alosa chrysochloris (Rafinesque) (Skipjack Herring). We collected Skipjack
Herring from 4 rivers, including the first accounts in the Grand and Salt rivers. Although
still common in parts of its range, the Skipjack Herring has been severely
impacted in the upper and middle sections of the Mississippi River due to channel
modifications and the creation of a series of lock-and-dam structures benefitting
barge navigation (Janvrin 2005, Mettee and O’Neil 2003). Both individuals collected
within the Meramec and Salt rivers were juveniles, demonstrating these
systems provide spawning habitat. Therefore, our records in the Meramec and Salt
rivers, and recent records within the Des Moines River of Iowa (Neebling and Quist
2008), indicate tributaries may be important for the viability of Skipjack Herring
in the highly fragmented middle and upper sections of the Mississippi River where
the species is seemingly most imperiled.
Macrhybopsis spp. We collected M. hyostoma (Gilbert) (Shoal Chub) and
M. storeriana (Kirtland) (Silver Chub) from the lower sections of most tributaries.
We documented the first accounts of Shoal Chub in the Gasconade, Lamine, Blackwater,
and Salt rivers, and the first accounts of Silver Chub in the Blackwater and
Lamine rivers.
Both species have extensive geographic ranges and are distributed throughout
the great rivers of the Mississippi River basin and other Gulf drainages. In
Missouri, they are the most common of the 4 Macrhybopsis spp. inhabiting the
Missouri and Mississippi rivers, and both species currently may be more abundant
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in the lower Missouri River than documented by historical surveys in the 1940s
(Galat et al. 2005). However, peripheral populations of Silver Chub and especially
Shoal Chub have been severely impacted by river fragmentation in multiple regions
across North America (Boschung and Mayden 2004, Kansas Fishes Committee
2014, Trautman 1981), likely due to these species’ dependency on large expanses
of unimpounded river for successful development of their drifting early life-history
stages (Perkin and Gido 2011). Herzog et al. (2005) noted the efficacy of the benthic
trawl for detecting Macrhybopsis spp. in the Mississippi River. Our surveys were
similarly aided by the benthic trawl, which effectively sampled deep pools and other
nonwadeable areas inhabited by both species in tributaries. However, we failed
to collect M. meeki (Jordan and Evermann) (Sicklefin Chub) and M. gelida (Girard)
(Sturgeon Chub), indicating these congeners may be more difficult to detect or may
not similarly range into tributaries in Missouri, a pattern that is consistent with
Pracheil et al. (2013).
Hybognathus placitus Girard (Plains Minnow). We collected 40 Plains Minnows
across both sites in the Grand River, indicating the species is still widely distributed
within the system. Plains Minnow was historically abundant in the lower Missouri
River but had declined to the extent that Pflieger (1997) speculated the species
might become extirpated in Missouri. Similar declines have been reported throughout
much of the Great Plains (Gido et al. 2010, Steffensen et al. 2014) owing to the
species’ prolonged drifting early life-stages, which pre-dispose the species to river
fragmentation, water withdrawals, and flow regulation (Perkin and Gido 2011).
Persistence of Plains Minnow in the Grand River system demonstrates this heavily
modified yet unimpounded tributary to the Missouri River may serve as a refugium
for this otherwise disappearing large-river species.
Cycleptus elongatus (Lesueur) (Blue Sucker). We collected Blue Sucker in 4
rivers, including the only account from the Gasconade River and the first in the
Meramec River since 1963. Blue Sucker temporarily occupied many sites in spring
and early summer where most individuals were collected from large shoals, which
are habitats typically used for spawning (Coker 1930, Vokoun et al. 2003). Occurrence
patterns were consistent with documented upriver dispersal before and during
spawning season in spring, followed by downriver dispersal in summer following
spawning (Neely et al. 2009, Vokoun et al. 2003). Similarly, Blue Suckers have
been documented spawning in tributaries throughout much of the species’ range
(Bednarski and Scarnecchia 2006, Eitzmann et al. 2007, Vokoun et al. 2003), and
habitat within tributaries may even help mitigate degraded conditions within the
great rivers. For example, a large tributary of the Missouri River, the Niobrara
River, NE, provided sufficient habitat to maintain allelic diversity and a large
population interspaced between mainstem impoundments on the Missouri River
(Bessert and Ortí 2008).
Conclusion
High numbers of new accounts collectively highlight existing uncertainty in the
composition of fish assemblages within great-river tributaries in Missouri. New
accounts in our collections may have primarily resulted from 2 sources: sparse
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historical surveying of our focal rivers, and our use of a survey design that comprehensively
targeted all major large-river habitat types. General facets of the survey design
that could be incorporated within existing monitoring protocols to improve detection
of more large-river specialists include large spatial extents and diversification of
gears employed. Further, repeated sampling of sites provided the necessary temporal
resolution to capture seasonally dependent use of tributaries by large-river specialists.
Altogether, these surveys revealed historically underreported, yet likely meaningful,
linkages between the great rivers and their tributaries (Pracheil et al. 2013). Identifying
the specific life-history functions provided by tributaries will be beneficial to
ongoing efforts to conserve and restore many large-river fishes. However, these efforts
will undoubtedly be aided by better documentation of fish assemblages in tributaries,
which will require more surveys using representative methodologies.
Acknowledgments
This research was funded by the Missouri Department of Conservation. We appreciate the
numerous students, assistants, and biologists who helped collect these data. The Missouri Cooperative
Fish and Wildlife Research Unit is jointly sponsored by the US Geological Survey,
the Missouri Department of Conservation, the University of Missouri, the Wildlife Management
Institute, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service. This study was performed under the
auspices of the University of Missouri Animal Use and Care Protocol 8532.
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