Movement Ecology of Gopher Tortoises in a Residential Neighborhood in Southwest Florida

Matthew Metcalf^1,*, Jade Johnson¹, Alexandra Cooper¹, Alexander Marsh¹, Charles W. Gunnels IV¹, and John Herman^1†

¹Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Gulf Coast University, 10501 FGCU Boulevard S., Fort Myers, FL 33965. ^†Deceased. *Corresponding author.

Southeastern Naturalist, Volume 22, Issue 2 (2023): 154–169

Abstract
Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise) is a federally listed or state threatened species throughout its range due to significant declines in its populations, largely due to habitat loss and fragmentation. Many Gopher Tortoises reside on private lands in human-impacted and urbanized areas, yet the value of these populations to the conservation of the species is unclear. We conducted a radio-telemetry study on a population of Gopher Tortoises in a residential neighborhood in Cape Coral, FL, to determine if they could be benefitting from their location within an urban environment (i.e., whether or not they are “urbanophiles”). Some findings suggested that these tortoises could exist in an urban environment. There were no confirmed mortalities among the 10 tortoises in the year-long study, though 1 male dispersed from the area and later disappeared after 6 months. The mean annual home ranges (100% MCP) were 1.19 ha (min–max: 0.39–2.71 ha) for females (n = 5) and 1.13 ha (min–max: 0.51–1.72 ha) for males (n = 4), which are comparable to home-range sizes in natural habitats. However, other findings suggested that this urban landscape limited the animals. Gopher Tortoises rarely crossed roads (5% of all movements) and avoided lots with houses and associated human structures, in favor of undeveloped lots. Efforts to sustain these animals in urban environments can start implementing management strategies that integrate greenspaces within urban landscapes as an additional approach to protect this threatened species. This study suggests that adult Gopher Tortoises are adaptable and tolerant to high levles of urbanization and human disturbance, yet the degree to which tortoises can persist over time in these landscapes needs further exploration.

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