Ecology of an Isolated Muskrat Population During Regional Population Declines

Laken S. Ganoe^1,*, Matthew J. Lovallo², Justin D. Brown³, and W. David Walter⁴

¹Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. ²Bureau of Wildlife Management, Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg, PA 17110. ³Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. ⁴US Geological Survey, Pennsylvania Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. *Corresponding author.

Northeastern Naturalist, Volume 28, Issue 1 (2021): 49–64

Abstract
Evidence indicating a decline in Ondatra zibethicus (Muskrat) populations in the United States during the past 40 years has led to speculation regarding factors influencing Muskrat survival. In order to understand population dynamics and survival, it is important to first define the ecology of local populations. We investigated the dwelling structure use, movements, home range, and survival of radio-tagged Muskrats (n = 14) in an urban wetland complex in central Pennsylvania. We used locations collected from intensive radio-telemetry monitoring to determine number of lodging structures used, hourly movement, and size and percent area overlap of home ranges. Muskrats shared an average of 9 lodging structures, and on average, 68% of a Muskrat’s home range overlapped home ranges of other Muskrats. We used 4 home-range estimators (kernel density estimator[KDE]_href, KDE_{ad hoc}, KDE_plug-in, and local convex hull estimator) to assess the ability of each estimator to represent Muskrat home ranges. The KDE_plug-in that constrained the estimate of home range to habitat boundaries provided the most appropriate home-range size for Muskrats in a linear–non-linear habitat matrix. We also calculated overwinter survival estimates using known-fate models. Our top model indicated a positive effect of the average weekly precipitation on survival, with an overwinter survival estimate of 0.59 (SE = 0.16). The main cause of Muskrat mortality was predation by Neovison vison (American Mink; n = 6). The small sample size and uncertainty surrounding our model selection led to weak estimates of survival; however, our model suggests that snowfall may be an important factor in Muskrat survival. Our study provides novel data on Muskrat ecology in Pennsylvania as well as preliminary evidence for future investigations of factors affecting Muskrat survival during the winter months.

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